Questions

1. What is psychology?

2. What does it study?

3. What branches does it consist of?

4. What areas are students of the psychological faculty specializing in?

5. What does managerial psychology account for?

6. What does social psychology deal with?

7. What is a family psychologist involved in?

8. What social business does he study?

9. What does a rehabilitation psychologist deal with? Where does he work?

& Reader

Read for information and further discussion.

I

Law is a very challenging field of knowledge. As for me I would like to become a lawyer. The lawyer should be good not only at law but also at other subjects, in particular, psychology, sociology, management and others, because he has to deal mostly with people, their needs and their problems. It is obvious that the lawyer should be aware of his great personal responsibility. He is to be honest, tactful, tolerant, to be an experienced and knowledgeable specialist. Now many people in Russia try new activities in small and medium business, bunking, hotel management, entrepreneurship etc. Some of them start up their own business, but are ignorant of even the fundamental legal basis. So, there is a great demand for lawyers in our labour market.

The lawyer can work as a notary, an investigator, a judge, a legal adviser (in business and finance), a police officer or a public procurator. So, the choice is rather rich.

II

Nowadays many young people look forward to becoming economists. One reason may be that economics is a very popular branch of science. The job of an economist is very prestigious because it is necessary. Economics deals with the problems that have faced societies and nations throughout history. Firms use economists to study the ways they do business and suggest methods for making more efficient use of their employees, equipment, factories and other resources.

Economists develop principles and models that try to explain how the economy of a country functions. This is relevant to Russia where many changes are to take place in order to improve the current difficult economic situation. And it may be done only with the help of competent economists.

III

Nikolaj Petrov is a second-year student at the Faculty of Economics. He is sure it's in finance that he'll make the most of himself.

Finance is the function in a business that is responsible for acquiring funds for the company. It deals with preparing budgets, managing funds within a company and planning for expenditures of the funds. It is obvious that without a good financier the company has little chance to succeed.

The chief financial officer called in England Finance Director is known as the treasurer or vice president of finance. There are a lot of things he does in his company. Among them are planning, budgeting, obtaining and controlling funds, raising funds, auditing, managing taxes and advising top management of financial matters.

IV

Accounting is a growing field throughout the world today. It generally offers good starting salaries and excellent opportunities to move ahead.

Many people have chosen accounting as a profession because of its many advantages. Many jobs are available in the field of accounting. Private or governmental accountants have security on the job because there is an increasing demand for accounting services. There isn't enough education and training for accountant careers. On the job you are usually given the chance to move upward in the company to the top. Salaries for people with accounting training are usually good, even on the lower levels. To succeed in the career you must be able to understand the conditions of success or failure in business and to have mathematical ability.

There are two major paths that a career in accounting might follow. One is through employment by a business or governmental organization in its accounting office. This is a broad area of private accounting, within which there are different specialities, such as taxes, financial planning, budgeting, and internal auditing. To rise to the top of the field in private accounting requires a combination of both fiscal and management ability.

One starting point for a career in private accounting is bookkeeping. Knowledge of bookkeeping is essential for an accountant. The financial records of an organization are the raw materials on which accounting is based.

You can begin a private practice or form a partnership with other accountants. Then you can specialize on one of the branches within the field, such as cost or tax accounting.

Another possibility is a teaching career, but prior practical experience is usually preferred. Salaried positions with business or government offer strong security. Layoffs or seasonal changes in the workload do not affect you.

V

Managers - or management positions - can be classified in two ways: by their level in the organization and by the activities in which they specialize. According to the first classification there are lower-level, middle-level and top-level managers.

Lower-level or first-line managers are directly responsible for the production of goods and services. They spend most of their time working with and motivating their employees, answering questions and solving day-to-day problems. They are mostly former operating employees who, owing to their hard work and potential, were promoted into management. Lower-level managers do not supervise other managers. They have such titles as line manager, supervisor, office manager, and foreman.

Middle managers are responsible for business units and major departments. They direct the activities of lower-level managers. They carry out the overall strategy and policy defined by top managers. Middle managers are concerned with the near future, and are expected to establish good relationship around the organization, encourage team work, and resolve conflicts. Examples of middle managers are division manager, department head, plant manager, manager of quality control.

Top managers are a small group of executives who are responsible for the overall management of the organization. They set organization's goals, define strategies for achieving them, and make decisions that affect the whole organization. It takes years of hard work and determination, as well as talent and no small share of good luck, to reach the ranks of top management in large companies. Typical titles of top- managers are president, vice president, chief executive officer (CEO).

Managers at all levels perform all four management functions but in different amounts. Planning and organizing are mainly the duty of top management. Leading, in contrast, is highest for first-line managers, while controlling is similar for all three levels.

According to the second classification there are functional and general managers. The functional manager is responsible for only one organizational activity, such as production, marketing, finance, etc. There are financial managers, marketing managers, human resource managers, operating managers, etc. The general manager, on the other hand, supervises a company or a division and is responsible for all the activities of that unit, such as its production, marketing, and finance.

@ Notes

management position – управленческая должность

level – уровень, звено

lower-level manager (first-line manager) = руководитель низового звена

solve – решать

day-to-day – текущий, повседневный

supervise – руководить, наблюдать

former – бывший

employee – служащий, рабочий

owing to – благодаря

promote – повышать в должности

line manager – линейный руководитель

office manager – заведующий подразделением конторского типа, офис-менеджер

foreman – бригадир

middle manager – руководитель среднего звена

businessunit – организационная единица

overall – общий

policy – политика, курс

be concerned with – заботиться о; иметь дело с

encourage – поощрять, поддерживать

resolve - разрешать

team work – бригадная работа

division manager – управляющий отделением

department head – заведующий отделом

plant manager – руководитель предприятия

manager of quality control – управляющий, ответственный за контроль качества

top manager – руководитель высшего звена

executive – руководящий работник

affect – влиять, действовать на

determination – решительность, упорство

share – доля

rank – должность, звание

chief executive officer – директор-распорядитель, главный исполнительный директор

amount – количество

similar – похожий, подобный

functional manager – функциональный руководитель, управляющий функциональной службой

general manager – генеральный управляющий

human resource manager – управляющий по подбору кадров

operating manager – управляющий оперативным подразделением

Unit 5 UK and US Universities

Grammar: Времена группы Perfect в страдательном залоге. Причастие I, II. Их функции и перевод. Независимый причастный оборот. Функции слов it, that, one. Бессоюзные придаточные предложения.

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