Модальные глаголы (modal verbs)

Глаголы can (could), may (might), must, ought to, be to, have to, need относятся к группе так называемых модальных глаголов (Modal Verbs). Модальные глаголы не употребляются самостоятельно, а только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола. Модальные глаголы в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола употребляются в предложении в роли составного глагольного сказуемого:

He can do it himself. Он может это сделать сам.

They may come tonight. Они, может быть, придут сегод-

ня вечером.

I must speak to him. Я должен поговорить с ним.

You needn’t do it. Вам не надо этого делать.

Модальные глаголы являются недостаточными глаголами (Defective Verbs), так как они не имеют всех форм, которые имеют другие глаголы. Глаголы can и may имеют форму настоящего времени и форму прошедшего времени: can – could, may – might. Глаголы must, ought to и need имеют только форму настоящего времени. Модальные глаголы не имеют неличных форм – инфинитива, причастия и герундия.

Инфинитив, следующий за этими глаголами, употребляется без частицы to. Исключение составляют глаголы ought to, have to, be to.

В 3-м лице единственного числа настоящего времени модальные глаголы не имеют окончания –s.

He can do it.

Need he do it?

Вопросительная форма образуется без вспомогательного глагола to do, причем модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Can you do it?

Ought he to help him?

Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится непосредственно после модального глагола. В настоящем времени can пишется слитно с not:

He cannot do it.

You may not take it.

He must not go there.

Модальный глагол	Модальное значение	Примеры
can (could) to be able to	1.Способность, возможность, умение	He can speak English. She couldn’tcome.
2.Сомнение, предположение	It canrain. Can they be home?
may (might) to be allowed to	1.Возможность, разрешение	May I come in? – Yes, you may. She might go for a walk.
2.Неуверенность, предположение	I maynever see him again. They may come soon.
must mustn’t	1.Необходимость, обязательство, долженствование 2. Предположение, уверенность 3. Запрещение	You must know the subject. He must try to do the work. She must be still working. This must be your coat. You mustn’t go out today.
have to	Необходимость, вызванная обстоятельствами	I have to get up very early. We didn’t have to wait.
should	Необходимость (совет)	You should follow my advice. You shouldn’t miss classes.
to be to	Необходимость, связанная с договоренностью или планом	He is to arrive on Monday. The meeting is to last three hours.
ought to	Необходимость, моральная обязанность, долг	She ought to know how to behave. You ought to help her.
need	1.Необходимость, обязанность, долг 2.Отсутствие необходимости 3.Действие, которое было выполнено зря (без необходимости)	Need we visit the lady? You needn’t do it now. You needn’t have come here.

Ex.1. Раскройте скобки и поставьте нужные формы глаголов can, may, must или обороты, их заменяющие.

1. He said that it was time to leave as he (must) be at the station in time. 2. I (cannot) see you tomorrow, as I shall not come to the institute. 3. I told them that they (cannot) leave London so soon. 4. He asked for information and was told that he (must) walk back for half a mile. 5. I (must) go to my office yesterday, though it was my day off. 6. I (must) go to my office tomorrow, though it will be my day off. 7. I (cannot) leave London before I finish my work. 8. I (can) do it without this book if you give me your notes.

Ex.2. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами.

1. You … learn this poem by heart. 2. … I take your pen? I … not find mine. 3. … you do this work now? 4. In a year he … to speak German. 5. Yesterday they … to revise ten rules for the test. 6. I … (not) to visit you on Sunday, because I … to meet my brother. 7. As the weather was fine, we … to go to the country over the weekend. 8. You … go and see your friend who is ill. 9. You … not travel by rail if you are in a hurry. 10. She … arrange the trip herself.

Ex.3. Вставьте подходящие формы глаголов to have to или to be to.

1. I have no time to speak to you now, I … to hurry home. 2. You … to disturb him. 3. She … be very careful. 4. Now I … to go away. 5. Then the day came when I … go back to my work. 6. The train … leave at midnight. 7. If you don’t go at once you … to take a taxi to catch your train.

Ex.4. Переведите на русский язык.

1. You should have come in time. 2. You shouldn’t have said that. 3. You needn’t deal with this shop if you don’t like it. 4. You needn’t have gone into so many details. 5. You should ring me up till seven. 6. You needn’t take my advice if you don’t think it’s good. 7. Why should I suffer from his mistakes? 8. He shouldn’t have informed her about it. 9. Need I send this letter? 10. You needn’t wear this jumper if you don’t like it.

Ex.5. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Он не умеет играть в баскетбол. 2. Можно мне взять твою ручку? – Конечно, можно. 3. Я должен сделать это сразу же. 4. Можно здесь курить? - Нет. 5. Вам не следует приходить так поздно. 6. Поезд должен прибыть через час. 7. Я должен остаться здесь на некоторое время. 8. Должен ли он уходить так скоро? 9. Я не могу согласиться с вами. 10. Преподаватель сказал, что вы должны будете сделать доклад на конференции.

Ex.6. Вставьте must, mustn’t, needn’t, should, shouldn’t, have to (has to) или don’t have to.

1. You … take a bus to get to the museum. It’s far from here. 2. Pupils … come to school in time. 3. Children … play with matches. 4. You’ve been traveling all day, you … be tired. 5. You … open the window. It’s very cold outdoors. 6. I … learn this grammar rule. I don’t know it. 7. You … give up your seat to old people. 8. People … cross the street when the light is red. 9. I don’t go to school on Sundays. I … get up early in the morning. 10. I.. clean the windows. They aren’t dirty. 11. You … read this book in English. It’s very difficult to you. 12. She can’t come to see me. She … meet her friends at the railway station. 13. You … buy any bread. We have got a lot of it. 14. He … make tea in the morning. His mother makes it for him.

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ (THE PASSIVE VOICE)

	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	am / is /are + V3 /(-ed) This room is cleaned every day. – Эту комнату прибирают каждый день.	was / were + V3 /(-ed) This room was cleaned yesterday. – Эту комнату прибирали вчера.	will be + V3 /(-ed) This room will be cleaned tomorrow. – Эту комнату будут прибирать завтра.
Continuous	am / is /are being + V3 /(-ed) This room is being cleaned just now. – Эту комнату прибирают как раз сейчас.	was / were being + V3 /(-ed) The room was being cleaned when I arrived. – Комнату прибирали, когда я пришел.	__
Perfect	Have / has been + V3 /(-ed) The room has just been cleaned. – Комнату только что прибрали.	Had been + V3 / (-ed) The room had been cleaned by the time I came. – Комнату прибрали к тому времени, как я пришел.	Will have been + V3 /(-ed) The room will have been cleaned by the time you come. – Комнату приберут к тому времени, как ты придешь.

Сказуемое в страдательном залоге переводится на русский язык:

1) глаголом с возвратными частицами «-сь», «-ся»:

Bread is sold at the baker’s. Хлеб продается в булочной.

Coffee is produced in Brazil. Кофе производится в Брази-

лии.

2) глаголом «быть» + краткое причастие:

The first book was printed in Первая газета была напе -

Germany. чатана в Германии.

3) неопределенно-личным предложением:

The newspapers are delivered Газеты доставляют утром.

in the morning.

Ex.1. Сравните предложения в действительном и страдательном залоге, переведите их:

1. Students asked the lecturer many questions. The lecturer was asked many questions. 2. The monitor told the first-year students to come to the laboratory. The first-year students were told to come to the laboratory. 3. Usually a lab assistant shows the equipment to the students. Usually the equipment is shown to the students by a lab assistant. Usually students are shown the equipment by a lab assistant. 4. Students watched the process with great attention. The process was watched with great attention. 5. Tomorrow our teacher will give us a new task. A new task will be given tomorrow. We shall be given a new task tomorrow. 6. Practice accompanies theory. Theory is accompanied by practice. 7. He asked me to bring me a dictionary. I was asked to bring a dictionary. 8. The teacher told the students to sign their drawings. The students were told to sign their drawings. 9. The dean will send the students to a big plant in summer. The students will be sent to a big plant in summer. 10. He taught us to use the lab equipment. We were taught to use the lab equipment.

Ex.2. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог.

1. People grow corn in Iowa. 2. Someone made this antique table in 1734. 3. Someone was making the coffee when I walked into the kitchen. 4. Translators have translated that book into many languages. 5. Jim’s daughter drew that picture. 6. Is Professor Rivers teaching that course this semester? 7. When did someone invent the radio? 8. Hundreds of people visit the Washington Monument every day. 9. A local advertising company has offered Maria a good job. 10. Indiana University has awarded Peggy a scholarship. 11. They will send you a bill at the end of the month.

Ex.3. Вставьте данные глаголы вместо пропусков. Используйте нужное время.

cause, divide, frighten, invent, offer, surprise, surround, wear

1. The electric light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison. 2. An island … by water. 3. The class was too large, so it … into two sections. 4. A bracelet … around the wrist. 5. The Johnsons’ house burned down. According to the inspector, the fire … by lighting. 6. I read about a hunter who … by a wild animal. 7. Last week I … a job at a local bank, but didn’t accept. 8. I didn’t expect Lisa to come to the meeting last night, but she was there. I … to see her there.

Ex.4. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. The mail is usually brought at 9 a.m.

2. Are the orders always fulfilled in time?

3. It’s a pity the lecture was not listened.

4. All the machines have been tested, and the results have been written down and filed.

5. The telly hasn’t been switched off, I am afraid.

6. The appointment hasn’t been called off, hasn’t it?

7. Who has been appointed head of the delegation?

8. If we use the old methods, a lot of time may be wasted, and very little will be achieved.

9. When can the new equipment be installed?

10. The experiment will be described in several journals.

11. A conference on those problems is being held now.

12. The lists are still being typed.

13. The machine was being tested when we came to the factory.

14. Something important was being discussed, so I sat down to listen.

15. These machines are going to be tested again.

Ex.5. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог.

Model: We test each piece of equipment very carefully. – Each piece of equipment is tested very carefully.

1. The policeman fined the driver for exceeding the speed limit. 2. I’m sure we will settle the matter very easily. 3. They started the company a hundred years ago. 4. Have you changed anything? 5. How soon will the repeat that TV programme? 6. We haven’t solved the problem yet. 7. Have you prepared all the documents? 8. We haven’t found the reason yet. 9. Have they tested all the machines? 10. We won’t repeat that mistake in future. 11. A discussion will follow the lecture. 12. They are interviewing the delegates. 13. What are they building over there? 14. We were taping the lesson when you phoned.

Ex.6. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. The bridge was destroyed by a bomb. 2. All the papers were destroyed in the fire. 3. The carpet is ruined! 4. The country was ruined by the war. 5. Several villages were badly damaged by the flood. 6. All the goods were badly damaged. 7. A lot of damage was done by the earthquake. 8. Only one of his books has been translated into Russian. 9. This monument was put up three years ago. 10. It was made with simple tools.

Ex. 7. Поставьте следующие предложения в страдательный залог.

1. They will build a stadium here in the near future. 2. The earthquake ruined several big cities. 3. Storms and floods have done a lot of damage. 4. The fire has done a lot of damage. 5. The flood has seriously damaged the city library. 6. Industrial pollution is ruining our city! 7. We must do something before it’s too late.

Ex.8. Перефразируйте, употребив пассив. Сделайте выделенное слово подлежащим.

Model: Nobody asked me to call back. – I wasn’t asked to call back.

1.A friend has invited me to a birthday party. 2.Did they ask you many questions? 3.We didn’t allow them to change anything in the design. 4.They appointed him president of the new firm. 5.We have already sent for the doctor. 6.We will agree on the changes at the next meeting. 7.People talked about his recent work at the conference. 8.We have already dealt with the price problem.

Ex.9. Переведите на английский язык.

1.У меня украли коллекцию марок. 2.Уроки нужно сделать более интересными. 3. В футбол играют во всем мире. 4. Студентам велели подождать за дверью. 5. Меня отослали спать. 6. Я сомневаюсь, что это явление можно объяснить. 7. Ему показали эту женщину, и он подошел к ней. 8. Ей объяснили, кто мы такие. 9. Мне предложили сначала поесть.