2015-06-28
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assessor inferior court [a'ses in 'fieri 'k:t] - низший суд
coroners' court ['k nez 'k:t] - суд коронера (специальный судья, в обязанность которого входит выяснение причины смерти, наступившей при необычных или подозрительных обстоятельствах)
court of appeal [‘k:t ev 'pi:l] — апелляционный суд
hearing [‘hiari ]- слушание (дела)
juvenile court [‘d u- vinail ‘k:t] - суд по делам несовершеннолетних
litigation [lm’gei n] - гражданский судебный спор, процесс
people's assessor ['pi:plz 'ses ] — народный заседатель
sue or be sued [sju:] - выступать в суде в качестве истца или ответчика
superior court [sju:'piari ‘k:t] - высший суд
Court is а person or body of persons having judicial authority to hear and determine disputes in particular cases: civil, criminal or military. Court is also a large room in a building where trials and other legal cases happen.
English courts are divided by certain features. The first distinction is between courts trying criminal cases and courts trying civil cases. The second distinction is made between the inferior courts, or courts of first instance, in which the first hearing of any judicial proceeding takes place, and the superior courts, or courts of appeal in which the judgment of the first courts are brought under review. The court of appeal is the main appeal court, whose decision may be reviewed by the House of Lords in important points of law.
The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners' courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals which make quick cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments (e.g. over taxation).
The American court system is complex. It functions as part of the federal system of government. Each state runs its own court system, and no two are identical. The federal courts coexist with the state courts.
Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems, their state courts and federal courts. They can sue or be sued in either system, depending mostly on what their case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.
The federal courts are organised in three tiers, like a pyramid. At the bottom ofthe pyramid there are the U.S. district courts, where litigation begins. In the middle there are the U.S. courts of appeals. At the top there is the U.S. Supreme Court. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court. The courts of appeals and the Supreme Court are appellate courts, with few exceptions; they review cases that have been decided in lower courts. Mostfederal courts hear and decide wide array of cases that have been decided in lower courts. Most federal courts hear and decide a wide array of cases; the judges in these courts are known as generalists.
Belarusian courts are judicial criminal cases on the territory of Belarus. The Constitution of Belarus (Articles 151 – 161) provides the system of election of judges and People’s assessors and the collective order of trying criminal and civil cases in courts. In general the court system is divided into three stages – district (municipal) People’s courts, regional courts and Minsk city court and the highest one – the Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus. Criminal and civil courts are distinguished as courts of first and second instances. Courts of first instance pronounce verdicts in criminal cases and pass judgment in civil cases after trial. Courts of second instance are courts of cassation and can control the legality and justification of verdicts or judgment pronounced by courts of first instance.
