New steels meet changing needs

As a structural material steel has two drawbacks: its weight and its susceptibility to rust. However, due to its advantages, steel has long been used, and in great quantities, in structural applications from bridges and buildings to ships, automobiles and household appliances. Steel is superior to other structural materials in strength, toughness, workability and other properties that are critical for such applications, and it is mass-produced with uniform, reliable quality and at low cost.

Since steel is the most popular structural material available, steel-makers make every effort to meet the changing needs of these markets. New, more sophisticated processes for steel-making and treatment have led to steel products of higher grade and greater variety.

Yet, it can no longer be said that a steel product is satisfactory if it is simply a good structural material. Today’s market needs can be classified broadly as: 1) the need for lighter weight; 2) the need for new properties; 3) the need for maximum performance; 4) the need for cost reduction.

The need for lighter weight is really a requirement for materials having specific strength (strength / specific gravity). Materials offering new properties not found in conventional materials will include new breeds of steel, hybrid materials and truly novel materials such as amorphous metal. The need for maximum performance calls for materials approaching the limits of durability, toughness and the like. Finally, the need to reduce costs is leading to materials diversification in which steel materials precisely suited to a specific application are developed.

New families of steel products are steadily emerging to meet these needs.

2. Define the functions of the Participle I and translate the sentences.

1. We were demonstrated an operating engine. 2/ Designing new systems we can use electronic computers. 3. Having finished the experiment the engineers started a series of new tests. 4. A barometer is an instrument measuring atmospheric pressure.5. Metals being used in industry in the form of alloys have better properties than pure metals. 6. Having made many experiments scientists proved that electricity had an atomic character. 7. Being the cheapest of the metals cast iron is widely used everywhere. 8. A neutron is a particle having the same mass as a proton but carrying no electrical charge.

3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Participle II.

1. An automobile begins its life in the fully mechanized assembly department. 2. The area of the car works build on the Kama river is almost 1000 hectares. 3. The cars are going through special tests called “ the Belgian road” and the washboard road. 4. The results obtained were carefully studied. 5. When frozen, water is a colourless solid known as ice. 6. The steering system used has been tested by the research engineers of the safety device laboratory. 7/ When assembled the car undergoes various tests.

4. Connect the following sentences using the words yet, since, if. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1. Steel has some drawbacks. Steel has long been used as structural material. (since, yet) 2. Steel is superior to other structural materials. Steel has long been used as structural material. (since, yet) 3. Steel is the most popular structural material. Steel-makers create new processes for steel-making. (since, yet) 4. Steel product is not satisfactory. Steel product is simply a good structural material. (if, since, yet) 5. The need for maximum performance will be met. The materials approach the limits of toughness. (if, yet) 6. The need to reduce costs has yet been met. The materials precisely suited to a specific application are not developed. (if, since)

5. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the two drawbacks of modern steel materials? 2. What are the advantages of steel over other metals? 3. In what fields of engineering has steel been long used? 4. What are the modern needs for steel development? 5. How could these needs be met? 6. How have modern steel needs changed in automotive industry.

Lecture 5. TRANSLATION OF THE GERUND
AND GERUNDIAL COMPLEXES