Guidelines for Proofreading

1. Does every verb agree in number with its subject?

2. Are verbs in the right form and tense?

3. Are all pronouns in the right form?

4. Do all sentences and proper nouns begin with capital letters?

5. Are all words spelled correctly?

6. Is the punctuation correct at the end of and within sentences?

7. Is every sentence a complete sentence?

4. Translating the text title.

Translation of the text title (heading) is the final stage of translation as a process.

The choice of language means used in text titles is dictated by the simultaneous requirement of communicative effect and brevity. With regard to their size text titles are treated as minitexts,.with respect to their internal structure they are called primitive texts, functionally text titles can be treated as orienting texts.

Text title performs two orienting functions. Firstly, it expresses the topic of a text and informs the reader briefly of what the text is about (contents orientation), secondly it attracts the reader's attention (attractive function). Each of these functions may dominate in various styles and genres: the former — in scientific and technical literature, the latter in newspaper and magazine headlines, popularized scientific material, publicity from manufacturers.

Titles allow the reader to infer what the text is about. As a result of the process of orientation the reader's attitude to the text is formed її ні ho or she decides if it is worth while reading the text.

The orienting role of the title is reflected in its grammar, i.e. the abundance of nominal sentences (The Properties of Space, Particles and Fields), elliptical sentences (Investors Concerned about On-Line Delays), sentences with articles omitted (Woman Aims to Become Firstfrom Britain to Row Atlantic), phrases with non-finite forms of the verb (Working of the Basic Circuits, New UK Passport to Be Scrapped), full declarative sentences (The World is Made of Subatomic Particles), exclamatory sentences (Here's a Simple Way to Interpret Data!). Titles in the form of questions can also be used to draw the attention of the readerthough usually headings of this type in scientific writing have an explanatory meaning (How Does a Laser Work? What Can Computers Do? Why Women Stay with Men Who Stray? Why Some People Get More Drunk Than Others).

Headings in scientific and technical literature express the gist of the text and refer the reader to the full text as a source of full information. They must be translated adequately.

Translators should see their task not in catching the reader on the wing but informing him/her tersely and accurately about the contents of the source text named. Accuracy, brevity, and intelligibility are the necessary requirements: The Roof You Save — Збереженення покрівлі даху; All-Weather Site Protection — Пластмасовий тент-тепляк; Large Hije-Scale Pipe-Laying for California Aqueduct — Прокладка великогабаритних залізобетонних труб на трасі Каліфорнійського акведуку; Continuous Turbidity Monitoring Controls Chemical Coagulation — Регулювання подачі хімікалій у процесі коагуляції на основі показів неперервного замірювання; Exhibition Halls Go Underground — Спорудження підземних залів для

виставок; We Give Old Swimming Pool New Ideas — Реконструкція старого плавального басейну.

Even though you may translate some headings accurately while reading the original text for the first time, translation is often easier and more adequate once you have finished the entire draft. That is why it is a separate stage of translation process following drafting, evaluation, and revision.

Titles in the form of a question are usually rendered into Ukrainian and Russian by means of declarative sentences: Why Wash Aggregates? — Питання про­мивки наповнювачів; What's Coming for Light Weight Clay Blocks? — Перспективи розвитку легких керамічних блоків; Modernize? — Чи варто проводити реконструкцію?

Titles in the form of an exclamatory sentence are usually rendered into Ukrainian and Russian by means of declarative or exclamatory sentences: Here's a Simple Way to interpret Data! — Знайдено простий спосіб роз­шифрування даних; Here's How to Handle Rush-Hour Traffic! — Спосіб вирішення транспортної проблеми у години пік; Don't Get a Misfit!

— Не купуйте погане обладнання!

Figures may be omitted in translation: Development of a 230-kV 20,000 Mva Oil Circuit Breaker — Контсрукція потужного мастильного вимикача.

The source text title may be slightly modified or completely changed in the translation to provide a deeper insight into the contents of the source text: De-airing — Деаерація керамічних виробів; How to Figure Duct Fitting Losses? — Як розрахувати номограму для втрати напору в з'єднувальних частинах трубопроводу; Rain off the Roof! — Відведення дощової води з даху; Out of Sight... out of Mind — Коли кабель прокладено, зникають усі турботи.

5. Making the final copy.

The last step is to prepare a clean correct final copy of your revised and proofread draft. This will be the final version of your translation.

Certain rules for the form of a final version are widely used and accepted. Unless you are given other specific directions, follow these rules: