Infrastructure

Infrastructure is fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It includes terminals and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport all the way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft can avoid this, because the airway and seaway cannot be built up. But they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.

Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses can operate from simple stops. For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use.

The financing of infrastructure can be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports, are funded through taxation. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles.

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8. Translate word combinations:

Fixed installations, facilities for parking, terminals for maintenance, to require installations, to transfer passengers, transshipment point, the point of use, to transport cargo, parking lot, the financing of infrastructure, natural monopoly, to fund through taxation, infrastructure owner, to impose usage fees, toll plaza, taxes on purchase

9. Derive the nouns from verbs and translate them: