2017-11-30
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1. Our children and grandchildren (suffer) if we not (look) after our
planet.
2. You (learn) German more easily if you (study) a little every day.
3. If I (be) him, I (refuse) that position in the company.
4. Should we (need) such goods we (write) to you again.
5. In case the port of loading or discharge (be) inaccessible owing to ice, the vessel (proceed) to the nearest safe and accessible port.
Часть 2.
ЗАДАНИЕ: Ответьте на вопросы несколькими предложениями
1. What can you tell about your family?
2. What sort of man is your friend?
3. What is your hobby?
4. Have you got a flat or a house of your own?
5. Can you describe it?
6. What is the role of sports in the life of people?
7. What is your favourite kind of sport? Why?
8. What kinds of art do you know?
9. Why do you think so many people like travelling?
10. Have you ever been abroad?
11. What kinds of public transport do you know? Which do you prefer?
12. What is your favourite holiday?
13. What are the most important public holidays in Great Britain?
14. What do you prefer to read?
15. What kinds of books do you know?
16. Who are your favourite modern authors?
17. What qualities do you most admire in people?
18. What characteristics annoy you most in people?
19. What are your future plans?
20. Why did you decide to study at our college?
21. What professions do you know?
22. What is the main role of mass media?
23. What are the advantages of the Internet?
24. Do you like watching TV?
25. What TV programmes are most popular with young people?
Часть 3.
ЗАДАНИЕ: Прочитайте текст, письменно переведите на русский язык. Подготовьте текст на чтение и устный перевод. Выпишите в тетрадь незнакомые слова с транскрипцией и переводом. Выполните задания к тексту.
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Income (Доход)
The second of the three economic issues is the question of income, that is, income distribution, the way in which income – that's what people earn – is distributed or shared around.
You, and your family, have an income. You have an annual income that is what you earn in a year. This income allows you to enjoy various goods and services. It means you have a certain standard of living. Your standard of living, of course, includes what you think of as necessary to your life, things like food, water, somewhere to live, health and education. But your income doesn't just cover the necessities of life. It also includes recreation, whether that's sport or TV or a holiday. Your income will be less than some of your neighbours', but it will be more than some of your other neighbours'. Your neighbours mean not just people living in your own country, but also people living in other countries.
Just as you and your family have an income, so nations, different countries, also have an income — the national income, it's often called. A national income is not the money the government gets. The national income is the sum total of the incomes of all the people living in that country, in other words, everyone's income added together. In the same way one can think of world income as the total of all the incomes earned by all the people in the world.
Concerning the distribution of national and world income, some questions are to be asked: who, in the world, gets what share of these incomes? The distribution of income, either in the world or in a country, tells us how income is divided between different groups or individuals. Table 1 shows the distribution of world income. There are three headings down the left-hand side of the table: income per head, percentage of world population and percentage of world Income. In poor countries, like India, China and the Sudan, the income per head is only one hundred and fifty-five pounds per year. But at the same time, they have fifty point seven per cent of the world's population. These poor countries only have five per cent of the world's income.
In middle-income countries the income per head is eight hundred and forty pounds, that's in countries like Thailand and Brazil. In the major oil countries, like Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, it's seven thousand, six hundred and seventy. In industrial countries it's six thousand, two hundred and seventy.
Turning to middle-income countries again, they have twenty-five point one per cent of world population, with fourteen point two per cent of world income. The major oil countries have point four per cent of population, the industrial countries fifteen point six. The oil countries have one point five per cent of world income, the industrial countries sixty-four point eight.
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The first economic question is for whom does the world economy produce? As the table shows, it produces essentially for the people living in the rich industrial countries. They get sixty per cent of the world's income, although they only have sixteen per cent of its population. This suggests an answer to the
second question, that is of what is produced. The answer is that most of world production will be directed towards the goods and services that these same rich industrialised countries want.
The third question is how goods arc produced. In poor countries, with little machinery, not very much technical training and so on, workers produce much less than workers in rich countries. And poverty is very difficult to escape. It continues on and on. And this goes some way towards accounting for the differences in national incomes. It accounts for an unequal distribution of income, not just between countries but also between members of the same country, although there individual governments can help through taxation. In other words, governments can act to help distribute income throughout their population.
VOCABULARY NOTES
| income distribution –распределение дохода an annual income –годовой доход a certain standard of living –определенный уровень жизни to cover the necessities of life –охватывать основные жизненные потребности recreation – отдых, досуг national income –национальный доход share of income –доля, часть дохода income per head –доход на душу населения percentage of world population –процент мирового населения | percentage of world income –процент мирового дохода essentially – в основном, большей частью world production –мировое производство rich industrialised countries –богатые промышленные страны not very much technical training –недостаточное техническое обучение to escape – зд. избежать to account for (syn. to explain) –объяснять the differences in national incomes –различия в национальных доходах unequal distribution of income –неравное распределение дохода throughout population –среди населения |
ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ
