The Federal Court System

can appeal to	Supreme Court •9 judges •no jury • highest court in the U.S. • all decisions are final

Special Courts Example Court of Customs U.S.Tax Court
	can appeal to
	13 Circuit Courts of Appeal • a group of 3 judges •no jury • higher courts • review district court decisions
	can appeal to
	94 District Courts • 1 judge + jury • lower courts • hears cases about federal laws and constitutional rights • most cases start and stop at this level

Ex. 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Supreme Court Justices

There are nine Supreme Court Justices. Supreme Court justices have an important job. Justicies hear cases about constitutional rights. Their decisions can effect all U.S. citizens. One of the nine justicies is Chief Justice.

The President appoints someone to be ajustice. The Senate must approve the President's choice. Supreme Court justices have the position until they die or retire. If justices do something wrong, the Congress can impeach them. But this does not happen often.

Ex. 5. Используя схему, сделайте сообщение по-английски на тему "Federal Court system in the USA".

Ex. 6. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Text 2

Provisions of the Sixth Amendment protect the rights of people who committed a crime and put on a trial.

These provisions are the following:

• Speedy trial. The federal government cannot hold you in jail for a long
period of time without bringing you to trial if you demand that the trial be
held as soon as possible.

• Public trial. The government cannot try you in secret. Your trial must
be open to the public and there must be a public record of the proceedings.

• Impartial jury. The government must try you before a jury. It cannot
try you before a jury that is prejudiced. For example, if you were on trial for
drug crime and jurors admitted to having angry and violent reactions because
they had been victims of similar crimes, the jury could not be impartial.

• Location of the trial. The government must try you in the state, district or
community where the crime was committed. You may, however, have the right
to have the trial moved, if you can show that the community is prejudiced.

• Information on charges. The government cannot arrest you and hold
you for trial without telling you why it is doing so. Government lawyers also
must present in open court enough evidence to justify holding you for trial.

• Confronting witnesses. You and your lawyer have the right to confront
and cross-examine all witnesses against you. The government cannot present
the testimony of secret witnesses who do not appear in court against you.

• Favorable witnesses. The government cannot prevent you from presenting
witnesses who might testify for you. In fact, if such witnesses do not want to
testify and you want them to, the court must force them to appear.

• Assistance of counsel. The government cannot prevent you from having a lawyer defend you from the time you are named as a suspect.

If you are charged with a serious crime and cannot afford a lawyer, the government must provide one free of charge.

Vocabulary Notes

provisions - положение

to commit a crime — совершить преступление

to put on a trial — предать суду

jail — тюрьма

record of the proceedings — материалы дела

impartial — беспристрастный, объективный

victim — жертва

testimony — свидетельство

to testify — свидетельствовать

assistance of counsel — защитник

suspect — подозреваемый

to afford — позволить себе

free of charge — бесплатно

Щс. 7. Выберите из текста все слова и выражения, которые, по вашему мнению, являются юридическими терминами.

Ex. 8. Объясните по-английски, в какой связи упомянуты в тексте следующие выражения.

1.... record of the proceedings

2.... witnesses who may testify for you

3.... evidence to justify holding you for trial

4.... a prejudiced jury.

Ex. 9. Прочитайте текст А и выявите информацию: а) о делах, находящихся в сфере юрисдикции ФБР; в) об истории ФБР.

Text3

A. Federal Bureau of Investigation, the investigative division of the U.S.Department of Justice. Since 1934 the FBI has had general charge of investigating violations of federal laws.

The bureau was established in 1908 by Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte in response to President Theodore Roosevelt's need for an investigative agency to handle "land thieves" in the West and big-business "trusts" in the East. The agency began as a small group of investigators in the Department of Justice.

In 1924, when the Attorney General Harlan Fiske Stone appointed the 29-year-old J.Edgar Hoover as director of the bureau, a major advance began. Hoover instituted an immediate reorganization, setting new standards of qualifications for appointment as special agent and a system of specialized training for all personnel.

Under Director Hoover's leadership, by the end of the 1960's, the FBI, with headquarters in Washington, D.C., had field offices in 59 major cities and 526 resident offices serving 50 states and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. There were offices in 11 major foreign cities. The investigative work was perfomed by more than 16,000 employees: 7,200 special agents and 9,100 clerical, stenographic, and technical personnel.

The FBI investigates some 170 different matters, the more important of which are espionage, sabotage, treason, violation of the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, and other activities affecting internal security; kidnapping, extortion, bank robbery, burglary, and larceny in federal institutions; bribery, interstate transportation of stolen motor vehicles, aircraft, or property; interstate travel for racketeering purposes; interstate traffic affecting civil rights; fraud against the government or thefts on government property; crimes aboard aircraft; crimes on government or Indian reservations; and assaulting or killing the president or any other federal results of FBI investigations are reported to the U.S. attorney general, whose office has the responsibility for deciding whether to prosecute and for conducting such prosecution.

Vocabulary Notes

violation of federal law - нарушение федеральных законов

advance — зд. прогресс, развитие

to set standards — устанавливать стандарты

field officer - сотрудник, курирующий определенный регион

treason — измена родине

extortion — вымогательство

larceny — хищение

fraud — мошенничество

theft — кража, расхищение

to prosecute — преследовать в судебном порядке

to conduct — проводить (расследование)

Ex. 10. Прочитайте и переведите со словарем текст

В. There are three basic components providing the effective work of the Bureau. They are Identification Division, the FBI Laboratory, Training Division.

Identification Division. In 1924 the Identification Division of the FBI was established by act of Congress. More than 800,000 fingerprints were forwarded to it from the Bureau of Criminal Identification (established at Chicago by the International Association of Chiefs of Police), to form the present collection, which in 1969 numbered 191 million, representing more than 83 million persons.

The value of these records, the world's largest fingerprint repository, is incalculable, for fingerprints offer the best means of positive personal identification. Approximately 29,000 fingerprint cards are received each workday for processing.

Laboratory Division. The FBI Laboratory is the greatest criminological laboratory in the world. During the first 35 years of its existence, this laboratory made approximately 4,000,000 scientific examinations. Today, this laboratory is a large complex of scientific equipment and highly qualified specialists.

There are over 100 Special Agents with specialized training in different scientific fields. Many crimes are solved with the help of laboratory examination. In many cases laboratory examinations proved innocence of the suspect.

Trained Special Agent. The third basic component in the daily operations of the FBI is the trained special agent. The bureau selects candidates for agent with care. Any U.S.citizens, age 23 to 34, who is a graduate of a law school, or who is a graduate of a resident four-year college dealing with accounting or physical science, or who is fluent in a language for which the bureau has a need, or who has three years of other specialized experience, is eligible. A lawyer has the analytical approach and logical method important for the investigation of criminal cases. The accountants are invaluable also, for much of the bureau's work is connected with business operations.

These highly educated agents first have initial training —they work with older and more experienced agents. For all the agents there are special refreshing courses and special programs, so constant training is held periodically.

Special Investigation Division. Organized crime is a lawless empire making money from gambling, narcotics, prostitution, extortion, etc. For years organized crime operated behind a impenetrable wall built on fear, bribery, and force.

FBI officers are doing their best to find criminals and to bring them to court. Their aim is to collect evidence for it. Cooperation is very important in the fight against organized crime.

FBI officers work in close cooperation with state and local agencies.

This division also tries to locate escaoed prisoners or deserters from the Armed Forces.

Vocabulary Notes

fingerprints - отпечатки пальцев

innocence - невиновность

the suspect - подозреваемый

accounting — бухгалтерский учет

to be eligible — зд. иметь право, отвечать требованиям

an approach — подход

initial training — первоначальная подготовка

refreshing courses — курсы повышения квалификации

Ex. 11. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов.

a) bureau; criminal; crime; agent; operate; arrest; result; police;
contact; agency

b) deserter; identification; collection; cooperation; division;
personnel; jurisdiction; espionage; bankruptcy.

c) local; criminal; practical; criminological; special

d) organized; specialized; trained

Ex. 12. Объедините однокоренные слова и переведите их на русский язык.

divide, investigation, responsibility, specialist, investigate, crime, collection, locate, bribery, division, criminal, collect, responsible, secure, location, investigated, criminological, special, bribe, security, specialized.

Ex. 13. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов.

a) нарушение законов; генеральный прокурор; штат сотруд
ников; подкуп; саботаж; шпионаж; деятельность; безопас
ность; похищение людей; собственность; преступления на
борту авиалайнеров; министерство юстиции.

b) отдел установления личности (опознания); отпечатки паль
цев; документы/материалы; обработка (отпечатков); сред
ство; научное исследование; оборудование; бухгалтерский
учет; курсы повышения квалификации.

Ex. 14. Для описания ФБР выберите необходимые слова и выражения. Переведите их на русский язык.

identification; to establish; field; jurisdiction; often; (internal) security; robbery; crime; gambling; narcotics; result; investigation; agency; organized crime; to try; empire; fongerprints; criminal case; bribery; to train; to select.

15. Выберите слова, являющиеся названиями преступлений, и переведите их на русский язык.

prisoner, bribery, field officer, espionage, innocence, agent, victim, extortion, fraud, laboratory examination, fingerprints, robbery, division, burglary, assaulting, accounting, refreshing, approach.

Ex. 16. Составьте возможные словосочетания и переведите их на русский язык.

1. crime a. to give

2. prosecution b. to identify

3. evidence с to process

4. organized crime d. to solve

5. fingerprints e. to commit

f. to prove

g. to conduct

h. to fight against j. to investigate

Ex. 17. Переведите предложения и скажите, какие подразделения ФБР занимаются следующими видами деятельности.

1. It has been particularly helpful in clearing innocent persons by
examining the evidence.

2. The secret crime organization La Cosa Nostra was identified and
investigated.

3. There is a special Training Division in Washington, D.C. and in
FBI Academy in Virginia.

4. Teletype network provides contacts between divisions.

5. The personnel of this Department studies carefully the
information on crime provided by the FBI's field officers, local
police agencies and other sources.

6. A criminal wanted in one state may be found by fingerprint
identification by a police agency in another state, even if he is
under a different name.

Ex. 18. Назовите по-русски следующие виды деятельности в юрисдикции ФБР.

1. anti-racketeering

2. atomic energy act

3. bank robbery

5. bribery

6. espionage

7. extortion

8. fraud against the government

9. internal security

10. theft of property

Ex. 19. Назовите одним словом (см. Ex. 18).

1. Safety, freedom from danger in the country