Intellectual pbqperty

Original creative works that have economic value and are protected by law. Intellectual property laws reward the creators of original works by preventing others from, copying, performing or distributing those works without permission. They also provide incentives for people to produce scientific and creative works that benefit society at large. Some types of intellectual property are automatically protected by law from the moment of their creation. Other types, require a specific grant of rights from a government agency before they may be protected by law. Nearly all nations have laws protecting intellectual property. However, some nations do not vigorously enforce intellectual property laws, making counterfeiting a major problem in these areas.

Notes

intellectual property - интеллектуальная собственность original creative works — подлинные художественные произ­ведения have economic value — иметь экономически выгодную ценность

(стоимость) be protected by law — быть защищенным законом; охраняться

законом

reward the creators — вознаграждать создателей (творцов) by preventing others from copying, performing or distributing — лишая

других лиц возможности копировать, исполнять или распространять without permission — без разрешения provide incentives — создавать стимулы, стимулировать produce scientific and creative works — создавать научные и

творческие произведения (работы) benefit — приносить пользу grant of rights — разрешение на право

enforce intellectual property laws — обеспечивать соблюдение законов интеллектуальной собственности counterfeiting — подделывание, Фабрикация

Упражнения

*1. Найдите в тексте следующие глаголы и образуйте словосочетания с приведенными ниже словами.

1. быть защищенным; 2. предотвращать; 3. копировать; 4. распределять; 5. производить; 6. обеспечивать a. intellectual property; b. original creative works; с others from coping; d. scientific and creative works; e. intellectual property laws; f. by law

*2. Образуйте различные части речи от следующих глаголов.

to create, to value, to protect, to prevent, to produce, to require, to enforce

*3. Соотнесите слова в левой колонке с их определениями в правой.

1. value a. to hand, give or send out

2. to distribute b. ownership, possessions

3. incentives с requiring the use of the intellect

4. property d. that which rouses a person to action

5. intellectual e. worth

Ответьте на вопросы.

1. In what way do intellectual property laws reward the creators of origina*
works?

2. Do the laws provide incentives for producing new scientific and creative
works?

3. Are some types of intellectual property automatically protected by
society at large?

4. Do other types require a specific grant of rights from a government
agency before they may be protected by law°

Text 2

COPYRIGHT

Copyright is the body of law that deals with the ownership and use of works of literature, music and art. The basic purpose of copyright is to enrich our society's wealth of culture and information. The means for doing so is to grant exclusive rights in the exploitation and marketing of a work as an incentive to those who create it.

Copyright law protects original works of authorship which are written down or recorded. The U.S. International Trade Commission has defines "copyright" as "a form of protection provided by" a national government to authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works". As with other types of policies for intellectual property, the fundamental policy of copyright law

^95

is to provide protection for works so that they can be distributed in the public domain. In the United States, the copyright protection lasts for the life of the author, plus fifty years. Copyright protection applies to: literary works, plays, computer programs, and other kinds of works of authorship. The owner of a copyright may place a copyright symbol on the work as a warning to others that the work is protected. The symbol consists of the letter "C" with a circle around it: ©. Following the creation of the Copyright Act of 1976, most copyright law in the United States is governed by federal statute. If copyright is violated, the owner of the right may seek damages for the copyright infringement.

Example: Mrs. Author writes an original play and composes original music for the play. She applies for two copyrights. One for her play, and one for the music that she created for her play. She now has two copyrighted works which are protected.

Notes

body of law — совокупность правовых норм

ownership — частное владение

enrich our society's wealth of culture and information — умножать

культурное и информационное богатство общества

grant exclusive rights — предоставлять эксклюзивные права

exploitation — пользование, использование

marketing — продажа

U.S. International Trade Commission — Международная торго?-

вая комиссия США

original works of authorship - подлинные авторские работы

literary works — литературные произведения

dramatic works — драматургические произведения

musical works — музыкальные произведения

artistic works — художественные произведения

the fundamental policy of copyright law — основная задача (цель)

закона об авторском праве

provide protection for smth — обеспечивать защиту чего-л.

distribute — распространять, дистрибутировать

copyright protection lasts for the life of the author — защита

авторского права действует пожизненно

copyright protection applies to — защита авторского праве

распространяется на

a copyright symbol — знак охраны авторского права

warning — предупреждение

with a circle around it — обведенный кружком

following smth — вслед за

federal statute — федеральный закон

violate copyright — нарушать авторское право

seek damages for c*-"~^J»ht infringement — требовать возмещение

убытков за нарушение авторского права

apply for copyright —обращаться за получением авторского права

Упражнения

*5. Заполните пропуски данными словами и словосочетаниями.

а. lasts; b. infringement; с. ownership; d. the copyright symbol ©;
e. be protected by copyright; f. works of authorship;

1. The main legal instrument for protecting.......... are patents and

copyrights.

2. Copyright.......... requires that the work of the copyright owner have

been copied.

3. It is usual to record the date of creation and mark it with.......

4. Intellectual property can only be protected if...... is clear.

5. Copyright........... longer then a patent.

б. Literature, artistic works, computer programs, movies and radio and
television broadcasts can...........

*f». Составьте словосочетания, используя слова из обеих колонок.

1. to grant a. protection for works

2. works b. federal statue

3. to provide с a copyright symbol

4. to place d. intellectual

5. to be governed by e. exclusive right

*7. Найдите в тексте следующие глаголы и образуйте от них различные части речи.

обеспечивать, распространять, длиться, состоять из, управлять, нарушать

& Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the definition of copyright given by the U.S.International Trade
Commission?

2. What is the fundamental policy of copyright law?

3. How long does the copyright protection last in the U.S.?

4. What does a copyright symbol consist of?

5. May the owner of the right seek damages for the copyright
infringement?

6. Can an author apply for two copyrights for one work?

Text3

PATENT LAW

The law of patents embraces the subject matter of products and processes. To be eligible for protection an invention must be useful and novel. Before a patent is issued by the Patent and Trademark Office, the invention must be determined by an examiner, after detailed search of prior art, to satisfy the statutory conditions.

As defined by the U.S. International Trade Commission, a patent is "a grant issued by a national government conferring the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention within the national territory". The U.S. patent law protects an invention or a new discovery for twenty years from the date the patent is granted. A patent may be granted for a product, a design, or a process of making a product. Patents are granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office located in Washington, D.C. Once apatent is granted, any use of the rights secured by the patent without permission from the inventor will constitute an infringement for which damages may be recovered.

Example: Mr. Inventor creates a device* that can send people back in time. Since no one has ever created such a device, Mr. Inventor wants to protect his invention from being copied Mr. Inventor patents his new invention which will now prohibit others from copying and marketing the invention without his permission. However, Mr. Copier makes and sells the exact invention patented by Mr. Inventor. Mr. Inventor may now sue Mr. Copier for patent infringement and recover damages, or Mr.Inventor may seek an injunction. If Mr. Copier makes the product abroad and attempts to import it into the United States, Mr. Inventor may pursue an exclusion action before the U.S. International Trade Commission to keep the product out of the United States.

Notes

embrace the subject matter of products and processes — охватывать

вопросы, связанные с продукцией и производством

be eligible for protection — подлежать защите, иметь право на

защиту

invention — изобретение novel — обладающий новизной orior art — зд. предшествующие произведения

satisfy these statutory conditions - удовлетворять положением

закона

confer the right - давать (предоставлять) право exclude others from - препятствовать другим, лишать других

права

process of making a product - процесс изготовления (произ­водства) продукта

the rights secured by the patent - права, охраняемые патентом without permission — без разрешения inventor - изобретатель

constitute an infringement - являться (составлять) нарушением recover damages - взыскивать убытки a device - устройство, приспособление, механизм sue smb for patent infringement - возбуждать дело против кого-л. (преследовать кого-л. по суду за нарушение патентных прав) seek an injunction - требовать судебный запрет pursue an exclusion action - требовать запрещения ввоза товара keep the product out of the United States - не разрешать товар

(продукцию) на территории США

Упражнения

*9. Составте словосочетания, используя слова из обеих колонок.

1. to be eligible for a. others from selling the invention

2. to satisfy b. is granted

3. to exclude с an infringement

4. a patent d. an invention

5. to constitute e. the statutory conditions

6. to protect f. protection

7. to recover g. damages

i. an invention

*10. Образуйте различные части речи от следующих глаголов.

to use, to issue, to determine, to search, to satisfy, to define, to sell, to grant, to locate, to permit, to infringe, to attempt, to import, to pursue

Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What subjects does the law of patents embrace?

2. What statutory conditions must be satisfied for an invention to be
patented?

3. How is a "patent" defined by the U.S. International Trade Commission?

4. What is the period of the U.S. patent law protection?

5. What may patent be granted for?

6. Once a patent is granted how are the rights secured?

7. In what cases can the U.S. International Trade Commission keep the
product out of the United States?

Text 4

TRADE SECRET LAW

Trade secret law protects confidential information used in business. The U.S. International Trade Commission has defined a "trade secret" as "information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, device, method, technique, or process that derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known, and not being readily ascertained by proper means by other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use, and is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy. It can be an idea or information that has a commercial value not known. The protection is aquired* as soon as the idea is created, and the protection lasts as long as the information is kept a secret. However, someone may use and apply the trade secret if it is discovered independently by proper means,

The U.S.Customs Service and the U.S. International Trade Com­mission are both involved in the customs law aspects of international property law. For example, the U.S. Customs Service may exclude or seize merchandise that is protected by intellectual property law and which is registered v/ith the Customs Service. The International Trade Commission may issue an exclusion order for merchandise that is protected by intellectual property law.

Notes

trade secret law — право коммерческой тайны

confidential information — конфиденциальные (секретный)

сведения

formula — формула, рецепт

pattern —промышленный образец, модель (зарегистрированные) compilation — компиляция (составленная путем заимствования

из разных источников)

device — устройство, приспособление, механизм method — метод, способ, прием technique — техника, метод process — способ, метод изготовления

derive independent economic value (from) — извлекать экономичен

кую выгоду (из)

actual or potential - настоящий или будущий

ascertained by proper means — установлены (определены)

законными средствами disclosure — раскрытие, обнаружение commercial value — коммерческая выгода the protection is acquired — защита приобретаете exclude merchandise - запрещать ввоз товара seize merchandise — конфисковать (наложить запрет на) товар issue an exclusion order for merchandise - издать приказ о выдво­рении (запрете ввоза) товара

Упражнения

* 12. Соотнесите слова в левой колонки с их значениями в правой.

1. confidential a. to get

2. compilation b. gathering together, and arranging in order to find

3. to ascertain out, discover

4. to apply с private, secret

5. to acquire d. to put to practical use

e. to find out, to discover

*13. Найдите в тексте следующие словосочетания и составьте с ними предложения.

1. используемый в бизнесе; 2. не быть общеизвестным; 3. при­обретать экономическую выгоду; 4. быть разумным; 5. хранить в секрете; 6. соответствующий способ; 7. быть вовлеченным в

*14. Составте словосочетания, используя слова из обеих колонок.

1. trade a. confidential

2. information b. value

3. independent economic с proper

4. means d. secrecy

5. to maintain its e. secret

6. order f. exclusion

Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What does trade secret law protect?

2. How has the U.S. International Trade Commission denned a "trade
secret"?

3. When is the protection of Trade secret law acquired?

4. How long does the protection last?

5. How can merchandise be protected by the U.S.Customs Service?

Tfext5

TRADEMARK LAW

The U.S. International Trade Commission has defined a "trademark" as "any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, adopted and used by a manufacturer or merchant to identify his goods and distinguish them from those manufactured or sold by others". In the United States, trademarks can be registered on both the federal and state levels, but more-protection is available by registering the mark on the federal level. The symbol used to show that a product is registered as a trademark consists of a "R" with a circle around it: ®. If a trademark is violated, the owner of the right may seek damages for the trademark infringement or exclusion orders from the U.S.International Trade Commission.

Example: Mr. Merchant markets a drink called "Tangy Red ®". Mr. Merchant has a trademark on the name Tangy Red, and for the symbol TR ® which he uses on the side of the drink. Not only has Mr, Merchant protected his drink name and logo, but the trademarks also protect the public from buying one product they believe to be one thing, when in fact it is something else.

When a trademark has not been registered, the manufacturer or merchant may use the symbol "TM" instead of ®.

Notes

trademark — торговый знак, марка

identify goods — идентифицировать, определять товары

distinguish from — отличать от..., различать

a "R" with a circle around it — буква R, обведенная кружком

violate a trademark — нарушать право торгового знака

exclusion order — запрещение ввоза товара в страну

logo — логотип

Упражнения

*16. Найдите в тексте следующие словосочетания.

1. используемое производителем или продавцом; 2. или любое их сочетание; 3. произведенные или проданные другими; 4. на федеральном уровне или уровне штата; 5. защита доступа; 6. искать компенсацию за нарушение трудового знака