2018-01-21
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Today the observation network of the sources of exposure and the condition of the biosphere spans the globe. The global of environmental monitoring system (GEMS) was created by joint efforts of the world community. The main provisions and objectives of the programme the GEMS were formulated in 1974 at the first intergovernmental meeting on monitoring. Priority was recognized as the organization of monitoring of environmental pollution, and causing its influence factors.
The monitoring system is implemented at several levels, which correspond to specifically designed programs:
‒ impact (study of environmental impacts at the local scale-I);
‒ regional (a manifestation of the migration and transformation of contaminants, combined effects of different factors specific to the economy of the region and transboundary transport - R);
Начало формы
Конец формы
‒ background (based on biosphere reserves, where any economic activities are prohibited - B).
* Extremely important a natural component of the stratosphere - the ozone acts as a pollutant (strong oxidant involved in the formation of photochemical smog) in the troposphere (the lower atmosphere). Program impact monitoring can be directed, for example, to study the characteristics of the release into the environment and scattering in it of pollutants contained in the exhaust gas or wastewater of a particular company. Subject to regional monitoring, as follows from the name itself, is the environment within that particular region. Finally, the background monitoring carried out in the framework of the international program "Man and biosphere", is intended to capture the background environment, which is necessary for further estimates of the levels of anthropogenic impact. Program observations are formed according to the principle of priority (subject to priority determination) of pollutants and integrated (reflecting the group of phenomena, processes or substances) characteristics.
Classes of priority pollutants, established an expert way and taken in the GEMS, is shown in table 1. The definition of priorities in the organization of monitoring systems depends on the purpose and objectives of specific programs: for example, in regional monitoring priority is given to urban water bodies - the sources of drinking water and spawning grounds of fish, so in relation to the media of observations in the first place, examine the air and water of freshwater reservoirs.
