Give the definition of environmental monitoring. Purposes and problems of monitoring

In various kinds of scientific and practical activity of man to study the properties of objects and phenomena has long been the method of observation - the way of knowledge, based on a relatively long-term focused and perception of objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality. Outstanding samples of organizations observation for the natural environment are described in the first century AD in the "Natural History" Second Guy Pliny (the Elder). Thirty-seven volumes containing information on astronomy, physics, geography, zoology, botany, agriculture, medicine, history, served as the most comprehensive encyclopedia of knowledge to the Middle Ages. According to the now classic definition, environmental monitoring - information system of observations, evaluation and forecast changes in the environment, created to highlight the anthropogenic component of these changes on the background of natural processes.

Environmental monitoring system should collect, systematize and analyze information about:

- State of the environment and its changes;

- The reasons for the observed and possible changes in the state (ie the sources and factors of influence);

- The permissibility of loads on the environment as a whole and its individual components;

- On existing biosphere reserves.

Environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation as a comprehensive observation of the state of the system environment, assessment and prediction of environmental change under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors.

According to the definitions and functions assigned to the system monitoring has three main areas of activity (Figure 1.)

- observation of the impact factors and the state of the environment;

- Evaluation of the actual state of the environment;

- Forecast the state of the environment and assess the projected state.

It will be appreciated that the monitoring system itself does not include the activities of sources of impact management, but is a source of needed to make environmentally significant information solutions.

The concept of environmental control is also defined:

Control in the field of environment (environmental control) - a system of measures aimed at the prevention, detection and suppression of violations of environmental legislation, enforcement of the subjects of economic and other activity requirements, including standards and regulations in the field of environment environment.

The main tasks of environmental monitoring:

1. Control in the field of environment (environmental control) is carried out in order to ensure public authorities, bodies of state power of subjects, local authorities, legal entities and in the field of environmental protection legislation by individuals runtime compliance, including standards and regulations documents in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety.

2. Implemented government, industrial, municipal and public control in the field of environmental protection.

Thus, according to the environmental legislation, environmental monitoring is an environmental regulation tool to create an information base necessary to perform the tasks of environmental management and control.