Give explanation to the areas of environmental monitoring

According to the now classic definition, environmental monitoring - information system of observations, evaluation and forecast changes in the environment, created to highlight the anthropogenic component of these changes on the background of natural processes.

Environmental monitoring system should collect, systematize and analyze information about:

- State of the environment and its changes;

- The reasons for the observed and possible changes in the state (ie the sources and factors of influence);

- The permissibility of loads on the environment as a whole and its individual components;

- On existing biosphere reserves.

Environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation as a comprehensive observation of the state of the system environment, assessment and prediction of environmental change under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors.

According to the definitions and functions assigned to the system monitoring has three main areas of activity (Figure 1.)

- observation of the impact factors and the state of the environment;

- Evaluation of the actual state of the environment;

- Forecast the state of the environment and assess the projected state.

It will be appreciated that the monitoring system itself does not include the activities of sources of impact management, but is a source of needed to make environmentally significant information solutions. The term control is often used in Russian literature to describe the analytical determination of certain parameters should only be used for activities involving the adoption of active regulatory measures.

The concept of environmental control is also defined:

Control in the field of environment (environmental control) - a system of measures aimed at the prevention, detection and suppression of violations of environmental legislation, enforcement of the subjects of economic and other activity requirements, including standards and regulations in the field of environment environment.

The main tasks of environmental monitoring:

1. Control in the field of environment (environmental control) is carried out in order to ensure public authorities, bodies of state power of subjects, local authorities, legal entities and in the field of environmental protection legislation by individuals runtime compliance, including standards and regulations documents in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety.

2. Implemented government, industrial, municipal and public control in the field of environmental protection.

Thus, according to the environmental legislation, environmental monitoring is an environmental regulation tool to create an information base necessary to perform the tasks of environmental management and control.

Describe monitoring of the impact of harmful physical factors (noise, electromagnetic field study).Monitoring the impact of harmful physical factors (noise, electromagnetic field radiation)

Monitoring of Environment - is a system of observations, evaluation and forecast of anthropogenic changes of state of the environment.

Monitoring systems classified according to:

- Spatial coverage;

- Project monitoring (air, land and sea water, soil, geological environment, flora and fauna, people);

- The impact of physical factors (ionizing radiation, electromagnetic radiation, thermal radiation, noise, vibration);

- Methods (direct instrumental measurement, remote shooting, an indirect indication, surveys, observation diary);

- The degree of the relationship and the effect of the process, for which observations are made;

- The type of exposure (geophysical, biological, medical, geographical, socio-economic, social);

- Purpose (determining the current state of the environment, the study of phenomena, short-term forecast, long-term conclusions, optimization and increase the economic efficiency of research and forecasts, monitoring the impact on the environment, etc.).

The scale synthesis of information release monitoring:

• Global (biosphere) - provides monitoring of global processes and phenomena in the biosphere and the implementation of the forecast of possible changes;

• National - is carried out within the State specially created bodies;

• Regional - covers individual regions, within which there are processes and phenomena, which differ due to natural or anthropogenic impacts on the general background of the base;

• Local - is to monitor the particularly hazardous areas and locations, usually directly adjacent to the pollutant sources.

For proper evaluation of the monitoring data distinguish the so-called basic (or background) Monitoring - monitoring the state of natural systems and natural processes, which have practically no influence regional anthropogenic factors.

Controls are divided into:

- Contact;

- Non-contact (remote);

- Biological.

Monitored indicators:

- Functionality (productivity assessment cycle of matter and others.);

- Structural (absolute or relative values ​​of physical, chemical or biological parameters).Contact methods of control of the environment presented as classical methods of chemical analysis and modern methods of instrumental analysis.

Contact control methods are divided into chemical, physico-chemical and physical.

The most used - spectral, electrochemical and chromatographic methods of analysis of the environment.

Overall control circuit includes the steps of:

1) sampling;

2) treating the sample with a view to the preservation of the measured parameter and its transportation;

3) storage and preparation of samples for analysis;

4) measuring the controlled parameter;

5) handling and storage of the results.

Proximity (distance) methods based on the use of two properties probing fields (electromagnetic, acoustic, gravity): reacting a controlled object and transfer the received information to the sensor - is an aerospace and geophysical monitoring.

Biological kontrolprovoditsya for the purpose of assessing the quality of diverse habitats and provides an integrated description of its condition. Biological methods of observation - bioindication and biological testing.