2018-01-21
1044
Primordialism
- Identity groups seen as ‘natural’ or God-given
- Assumption that identity groups can be clearly defined based on criteria such as language, kinship, culture, or physical features
- Identity groups seen as immutable, permanent fact of human society
- A theory of identity that sees identity groups as in some sense "natural" or God given, having existed since "time immemorial," and able to be defined unambiguously by such clear criteria as kinship, language, culture, or phenotype
Instrumentalism
- Elite theory of identity politics
- Rational choice theory
- Elites manipulate symbols and feelings of identity to mobilize a following
- Without elite leadership, people with certain common traits may not recognize themselves as part of a particular group
§ An elite theory of identity politics: rational and self-interested elites manipulate symbols and feelings of identity to mobilize a political following
Constructivism
- Emphasizes shifting interpretations of symbols and stories
- Post-modern understanding of political culture as set of symbols subject to interpretation
- Argues that cultures change but societies collectively (not just elites) construct identity
§ A theory of identity group formation that argues identities are created through a complex process usually referred to as social construction; societies collectively “construct” identities as a wide array of actors continually discusses the question of who “we” are, and identity groups are not frozen in time, though change relatively slowly, and each individual can be part of more than one group
Exam Card # 23
Theories of identity. Primordialism,
A theory of identity that sees identity groups as in some sense "natural" or God given, having existed since "time immemorial," and able to be defined unambiguously by such clear criteria as kinship, language, culture, or phenotype
|
|
|
Theocracy
Rule by religious authorities
Exam Card # 24
Cultural nationalism: Germany
Cultural nationalism is national unity based on common cultural characteristics, and those people who don’t share that particular characteristic cannot be included in the nation.
Political idealism.
Political Idealism is a theory of international relations deeply rooted in Western liberal traditions with a strong belief in the inherent good that can be found in human nature. States, being merely the expression of a mass of human beings, can reflect this basically positive human nature in their actions. Idealists hold that international systems of morality, law, organization, and agreements can and should exist as a buffer against the anarchic nature of the international arena. Idealists see human nature as essentially altruistic and human beings as capable of other interests beyond selfish needs for power. The idealist seeks to harness this capacity for good and use it toward the project of building an international community that will replace the anarchy that rules the international system. The most important realization of idealist theory is the United Nations
Ticket # 25
1) Nations - a group that proclaims itself a nation and has or seeks control of a state
Nationalism - the desire to be a nation and thus to control national state
German nationalism is the idea that asserts that Germans are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Germans. The earliest origins of German nationalism began with the birth of Romantic nationalism during the Napoleonic Wars when Pan-Germanism started to rise. Advocacy of a German nation began to become an important political force in response to the invasion of German territories by France under Napoleon. After the rise and fall of Nazi Germany that committed the genocide now known as the Holocaust in the name of extreme nationalism against Jews and others during World War II, German nationalism has been generally viewed in the country as negative and taboo. However, during the Cold War a mainstream moderate German nationalism arose that supported the reunification of East and West Germany that was achieved in 1990. German nationalism has faced difficulties in promoting a united German identity as well as facing opposition within Germany.
2) Conflict resolution, otherwise known as Reconciliation, is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution. Often, committed group members attempt to resolve group conflicts by actively communicating information about their conflicting motives or ideologies to the rest of the group (e.g., intentions; reasons for holding certain beliefs), and by engaging in collective negotiation
|
|
|
Ticket #26
1) Civic-national ideals influenced the development of representative democracy in countries such as the United States and France. States in which civic forms of nationalism predominate are often (but not always) ex-settler colonies such as the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina, in which ethnic nationalism is difficult to construct on account of the diversity of ethnicities within the state. Civic-nationalist states are often characterized by adoption of the jus soli (law of the soil) for granting citizenship in the country, deeming all persons born within the integral territory of the state citizens and members of the nation, regardless of their parents' origin. This serves to link national identity not with a people but rather with the territory and its history, and the history of previous occupants of the territory unconnected to the current occupants are often appropriated for national myths. Of a handful of modern ideologies, one of the most monumental events in human history, the French Revolution, generated one: nationalism. Nationalism is the devotion to the interest or culture of a particular nation. Although in its extreme form it could go as far as some radical measures such as ethnic cleansing, the patriotic feeling that nationalism brings about has been a major momentum that binds a nation together.
Prior the the French Revolution, France was divided by various regions and religions. The only thing that could possibly link the nation together was the belief that everyone was supposed to serve the king. However, by the end of the eighteenth century, there appeared to be a sense of membership among the French people. Some of them no longer saw themselves as "subject" to serve the king, instead, they began seeing themselves as "citizens" who serve their own nation proudly. This sense of belonging can be said to have been the instigation of nationalism.
In the prerevolutionary society, the old regime, everyone belonged to one of three estates. The third estate represented everyone except for the aristocracy and the clergy, namely the middle class and the peasants. On June 17th, 1789, the third estate declared itself "National Assembly" where it was insisted that deputies of all three orders should sit as a single house and vote as individuals instead of one vote per house. The unicameral self-entitled National Assembly was meant to remove the division and marginalization of the government caused by the separation of constituency and to represent the nation as a whole.
2) Identity theory is a family of views on the relationship between mind and body. Type Identity theories hold that at least some types (or kinds, or classes) of mental states are, as a matter of contingent fact, literally identical with some types (or kinds, or classes) of brain states.
Cultural identity is the (feeling of) identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as she/he is influenced by her/his belonging to a group or culture. Cultural identity is similar to and has overlaps with, but is not synonymous with, identity politics
An ethnic identity is the identification with a certain ethnicity, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry. Recognition by others as a distinct ethnic group is often a contributing factor to developing this bond of identification. Ethnic groups are also often united by common cultural, behavioral, linguistic, ritualistic, or religious traits.
National identity is an ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans are divided into groups called nations. Members of a "nation" share a common identity, and usually a common origin, in the sense of ancestry, parentage or descent.
Ticket #27
