2018-01-21
1181
Political culture - the broad pattern of political orientations shared by a large group of people (a nation, a region, a class, an ethnic group).
Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba outlined three pure types of political culture:
¡ Parochial - where citizens are only remotely aware of the presence of central government, and live their lives near enough regardless of the decisions taken by the state.
¡ Subject - where citizens are aware of central government, and are heavily subjected to its decisions with little scope for dissent.
¡ Participant - citizens are able to influence the government in various ways and they are affected by it.
Race.
Race -people who see themselves as group based primarily on common physical characteristics and common history
à Often hard to distinguish from ethnicity or culture
à Unlike ethnicity, race tends to be an identity imposed by others—originally via European conquest and colonialism
à Political goals: recognition and representation
Exam Card # 20
Territory of the state. Types of territory.
Territory - demarcated area that rightly belongs to the population (an area with clearly defined boundaries).
¡ answers the question, “where?”
¡ should be permanent and large enough to be self-sufficing
Types of territory: terrestrial, fluvial, maritime and aerial.
How do we define “nation” versus “ethnic community”?
à A nation seeks self-rule.
à An ethnic group seeks recognition/autonomy within a state.
§ Political goal of nationalism: control of a state.
§ Most nationalist leaders use primordialist language.
§ Nationalism as product of the modern world.
Exam Card # 21
Civilizations. The Clash of Civilizations.
“Civilization” in the singular:
a. French 18th-century usage: “civilization” as opposed to “barbarism”. Connotes “modern society”
b. In the broadest terms, “the human civilization” as a product of development of the human species – there may exist other civilizations on other planets
“Civilizations” in the plural:
The largest, longest-living, transnational cultural entities which have emerged at different stages of history in different parts of the world
The Clash of Civilizations is a theory that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. It was proposed by political scientist Samuel Huntington. Huntington believed that while the age of ideology had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines. As an extension, he posits that the concept of different civilizations, as the highest rank of cultural identity, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict.
Huntington offers this typology of major contemporary civilizations: Chinese (Sinic), Japanese, Hindu, Islamic, Orthodox Christian (now centered in Russia), Western, Latin American and African.
Nations.
Nations: groups with a shared identity
Nation - a group that proclaims itself a nation and has or seeks control of a state.
à A nation seeks self-rule.
Exam Card # 22
Sovereignty
Sovereignty – is an ability of a state to govern over a given territory or a quality of a state as being legally recognized by other states as sole legitimate governing authority within its territory and as legal equal of other states.
¡ External sovereignty: Equal participation on the international arena, as recognized by other states/international law
¡ Internal sovereignty: Ultimate authority within the state to make and enforce laws and policies
