2018-02-13
413
Give an oral summary of the text in your own words omitting all unnecessary details.
Give your own conclusion to the text.
6. Translate the following sentences and text extracts into English:
1. The biosphere has evolved since the first single-celled organisms originated 3.5 billion years ago under atmospheric conditions resembling those of our neighboring planets Mars and Venus, which have atmospheres composed primarily of carbon dioxide.
2. Free oxygen, both for breathing (O2) and in the stratospheric ozone (O3) that protects us from harmful UV radiation, has made possible life as we know it while transforming the chemistry of earth systems forever. As a result of long-term interactions between the biosphere and the other earth systems, there is almost no part of the earth's surface that has not been profoundly altered by living organisms.
3. The biosphere is the relatively thin life-supporting stratum of the earth's surface, extending from a few miles into the atmosphere to the deep-sea vents of the oceans.
4. Water is not the only substance that circulates through the various earth systems. So, too, do six other substances or, rather, chemical elements. These elements are composed of a single type of atom, meaning that they cannot be broken down chemically to make a simpler substance, as is the case with such compounds as water. The six elements that cycle throughout Earth's systems are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
THE LIST OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
| Ag | argentum = silver | срібло |
| Al | aluminium | алюміній |
| Ar | argon | аргон |
| As | arsenic | арсен, миш’як |
| Au | aurum | золото |
| В | boron | бор |
| Ba | barium | барій |
| Be | beryllium | берилій |
| Bi | bismuth | вісмут |
| Br | bromine | бром |
| С | carbon | вуглець |
| Ca | calcium | кальцій |
| Се | cerium | церій |
| Cd | cadmium | кадмій |
| CI | chlorine | хлор |
| Cr | chromium | хром |
| Cs | caesium | цезій |
| Cu | copper | мідь |
| F | fluorine | фтор |
| Fe | ferrum | залізо |
| Ga | gallium | галій |
| Ge | germanium | германій |
| H | hydrogen | водень |
| He | helium | гелій |
| Hg | hydrargyrum / mercury | ртуть |
| I | iodine | йод |
| Ir | iridium | іридій |
| К | kalium / potassium | калій |
| Li | lithium | літій |
| Mg | magnesium | магній |
| Mn | manganese | марганець |
| Mo | molybdenum | молібден |
| N | nitrogen | азот |
| Na | natrium / sodium | натрій |
| Ne | neon | неон |
| Ni | nickel | нікель |
| О | oxygen | кисень |
| P | phosphorus | фосфор |
| Pb | plumbum / lead | свинець |
| Pt | platinum | платина |
| Pu | plutonium | плутоній |
| Ra | radium | радій |
| Rb | rubidium | рубідій |
| S | sulphur | сірка |
| Sb | antimony | сурма |
| Sc | scandium | скандій |
| Se | selenium | селен |
| Si | silicone | кремній |
| Sn | stannum / tin | олово |
| Sr | strontium | стронцій |
| Те | tellurium | телур |
| Th | thorium | торій |
| Ti | titanium | титан |
| U | uranium | уран |
| W | wolfram / tungsten | вольфрам |
| Zn | zinc | цинк |
| Zr | zirconium | цирконій |
ЛІТЕРАТУРА.
1. Близниченко К. Л., Прусс Н. М. Английский язик: пособие для химико-технологических вузов / К. Л. Близниченко, Н. М. Прусс. – М.: Высшая школа, 1991. – 140 с.
2. Кутепова М. М. The World of Chemistry: Английский язык для студентов-химиков / М. М. Кутепова. – М.: Высшая школа, 2002. – 272 с.
3. Фримантл М. Химия в действии / М. Фримантл. – Учебное пособие по общей химии, 2 ч. – М.: Мир, 1998. – 528 с., 620 с.
4. Chemistry. – 2010. – Режим доступу:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Chemistry.
5. A Concise Dictionary of Chemistry. – Oxford University Press, 1999.
6. Helmenstine A. M. Chemistry glossary and dictionary / A. M. Helmenstine. – 2010. – Режим доступу:
http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/glossarya.htm.
