Read the text and do the exercises after it

A drug class is a group of medications that may work in the same way, have a similar chemical structure, or are used to treat the same health condition. A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

Drugs are classified according to their effect on particular body systems, their therapeutic uses, and their chemical characteristics. A class of drugs is a group of drugs that have similar characteristics; they may cure the same diseases, have similar chemical structures or work in the same way. Example: morphine can be classified as a central nervous system depressant and a narcotic or opioid analgesic. The names of therapeutic classifications usually reflect the condition for which the drugs are used (e.g., antidepressants, antihypertensives). Sometimes, the names of many drug groups reflect their chemical characteristics rather than their therapeutic uses (e.g., adrenergics, benzodiazepines). Many drugs fit into multiple groups because they have wide-ranging effects on the human body.

There are several cases where a drug can have multiple classes, either by indication, mechanism of action, or route of administration. Additionally, drugs can also be classified in 3 different ways: – By body system – By the action of the agents – By the drug’s mechanism of action

It is important to keep in mind that the effects produced by any drug can vary significantly and is largely dependent on the dose and way that it is administered. Concurrent use of other drugs can enhance or block an effect and substance abusers often take more than one drug to boost the desired effects or counter unwanted side effects. This means that the risks involved with drug abuse cannot be accurately predicted because each user has his or her-own unique sensitivity to a drug.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is a drug class?

2. How many classes of drugs are there?

3. Do all controlled substances have common traits?

4. Do controlled substances produce dependence?

5. What is drug abuse?

6. What is drug dependence?

Odd one out

1. sedative, expectorant, antipyretic, to dispense drugs, antispasmodic.

2. chemist’s shop, pharmacist, adult prescription, suppository.

3. ointment, drops, safe dose, suppository, pill, powder.

4. indications, contraindications, use in pregnancy and lactation, to increase a dose.

5. pharmacological properties, treatment of over dosage, side effects, to administer a drug orally.

Speaking

Make up the dialogues using the following words and word combinations:

a)  to have a bad headache; to have a sore throat; to look seedy (неважно); to resolve(decide); after milk; to call the doctor; powders.

b) to order the tincture; mixture; without a prescription; before use; twice a day; to shake the mixture.

c) to have a prescription; in a couple of hours; nasal drops; syringes; dropping bottle; to be in great demand.

d) to be effective; at once; to abolish pain; precautions; data sheet; something for a headache.

Complete the sentences, using the word combinations given below:

It’s important...

It’s dangerous...

It’s necessary...

To use some medicine prescribed for your friend; not to keep the medicine in a cool place; to tell the doctor about your mistake; to read the prescription carefully; to substitute one drug for another; to keep the medicine in a locked box.

Тема 7.3. Medicinal Plants / Лекарственные растения

Level A

We learn the new words / Мы учим новые слова

plant - растение	root – корень
leaf – лист; leaves - листья	photosynthesis - фотосинтез
seed - семя	source – источник
stem - стебель	grow (grew, grown) – выращивать, расти
flower - цветок	purpose – цель
growth - рост	support - поддерживать

 

We read / Мы читаем

Read and translate the text / Прочитайте и переведите текст

Plants are highly important sources of food for man. They supply us with clothing and many other things as well. Plants are grown and used for many purposes.

The principal parts of a plant are: 1) the root system, 2) the stems and leaves, 3) the reproductive part made up of flowers or seeds.

The roots have two main functions – to absorb plant nutrients and water from the soil. As to stems and leaves, the food used in growth is manufactured in the leaves. This process used is known as photosynthesis. To support the leaves and to connect them with the roots are the main functions of the stem. The shape and the position of the leaves vary to a considerable extent with the species.

A flower is the part of the plant where seeds are produced. All parts of a plant must be developed well and proportionally enough to function property. If condition for plant growth is bad, the plant will be too weak to develop its parts well.

Answer the questions / Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What are the principal parts of a plant?

2. What is the main function of the root?

3. What is photosynthesis?

4. What are the main functions of the stem?

5. Where are seeds produced?

6. How must all parts of a plant be developed?

We write / Мы пишем

Найдите эквиваленты следующих русских слов и выражений:

Важный источник пищи, корневая система, в значительной мере, различаются в зависимости от вида, условия для роста растений, слабое растение, фотосинтез.

Level B

Vocabulary

inflorescence – соцветие	root – корень
herb/Herbaceous -трава/травянистое растение	grass – трава
bush – кустарник	tend – иметь тенденцию
stalk, stem – стебель	applicable - применимый
dice – нарезать кубиками	property – свойство
leaf – лист	base – основание
supplement [‗’sΛpliment] -   добавление, дополнение	tincture; infusion - настойка
solid extracts - твердые экстраты weed - сорняк	essential oil – эфирное масло

Reading

Medicinal plants

Medicinal plants can be used by anyone, for example as part of a salad, herbal tea or supplement, although some dangerous herbs are restricted from sale to the public. Many common weeds have medicinal properties (e.g. dandelion). Medicinal herbs can be used in various forms:

 Herbal teas: There are two methods of making herbal teas, infusion and decoction. Herbal teas are often used as a home remedy, and as an alternative to tea and coffee.

 Herbal tinctures: Herbalists may mix several herbal tinctures to form an individualized prescription for each patient. Plant tinctures are also the basis for many homeopathic medicines.

 Fluid extracts: Fluid extracts are stronger than herbal tinctures, and can be made with alcohol or glycerin.

 Solid extracts 

 Powdered herbs and tablets: Herbs that are dried and (sometimes) certain parts are separated out then diced to powder fine consistency.

 Herbal creams and ointments: An ointment usually is mixed with beeswax (or something similar) to make it more applicable to outside the body, such as on a cut or wound.

 Essential oils: These plant oils may be used internally in some forms of herbal medicine as well as in aromatherapy and generally for perfume, although their medicinal use as a natural treatment (alternative medicine)has proved highly efficacious in the treatment of headache and muscle pain, joint pain and certain skin diseases.

Herbal supplements: Herbal supplements tend to be commercial products in tablet or capsule form manufactured and marketed by the health food industry for sale in retail outlets to the general public.

Speaking