2020-06-08
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Banks are closely concerned with the flow of money into and out of the economy. They often cooperate with governments in efforts to stabilize economies and to prevent inflation. They are specialists in the business of providing capital, and in allocating funds on credit. Banks originated as places to which people took their valuables for safekeeping, but today the great banks of the world have many functions in addition to acting as guardians of valuable private possessions.
Banks normally receive money from their customers in two distinct forms: on current account, and on deposit account. With a current account, a customer can issue personal cheques. No interest is usually paid by the bank on this type of account. With a deposit account, however, the customer undertakes to leave his money in the bank for a minimum specified period of time. Interest is paid on this money.
The bank in turn lends the deposited money to customers who need capital. This activity earns interest for a bank, and this interest is almost always at a higher rate than any interest, which the bank pays to its depositors. In this way the bank makes its main profits.
We can say that the primary function of a bank today is to act as an intermediary between depositors who wish to make interest on their savings, and borrowers who wish to obtain capital. The bank is a reservoir of loanable morney, with streams of money flowing in and out. For this reason, economists and financiers often talk of money being 'liquid', or of the 'liquidity' of money. Many small sums which might not otherwise be used as capital are rendered useful simply because the bank acts as a reservoir.
The system of banking rests upon a basis of trust. Innumerable acts of trust build up the system of which bankers, depositors and borrowers are part. They all agree to behave in certain predictable ways in relation to each other, in relation to the rapid fluctuations of credit and debit.
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V. Прочитайте статью, напишите глоссарий к статье, напишите аннотацию прочитанной статьи.
The New Position of Emerging Countries in the Global Agrifood Economy
Two broad tendencies have transformed North/South relations since the 1970s. In addition to being a source for traditional tropical exports, developing countries became increasingly important in the supply of the components of what has been called the “nutritional transition”—the shift to a high animal protein diet (including seafoods) and the increasing consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables. This has provided opportunities for the expansion of domestic food companies in a few countries. Brazil and Argentina, together with Thailand, became major suppliers of animal feed and meat. Particularly in the white meats sector (poultry and pigs), this gave rise to domestic agribusiness firms—Sadia and Perdigão in Brazil, and the Charoen Pokphand Group in Thailand. More recently, there has been a similar surge of domestic firms in the red meat sector, with the Brazilian firm JBS/Friboi becoming the world’s largest firm in that sector. The Charoen Pokphand Group similarly embarked on regional foreign direct investment.
Foreign investment and increasing coordination have also transformed developing countries into major suppliers of seafoods, with a key driver being the explosion of shrimp-based restaurant chains in developed countries. This has involved new transnationals, such as the animal (and fish) feed company Nutreco, the entry into this sector of leading firms from the agricultural inputs and genetics sectors, such as Monsanto, and the emergence of domestic players.
Fresh fruit and vegetables have been piloted mainly by firms for which this previously unorganized market segment has become a key to establishing consumer loyalty. Early forays into the domestic markets of developing countries often had the character of enclave-type activities, with few or no linkages to their economies. Alternatively, they were aimed at a specific niche. Now, under the aegis of retail, the transnational objective has become corporate takeover of the domestic food systems of developing countries as a whole. In addition, this penetration now includes the large developing countries, often with strong states, with already consolidated agrifood companies, and with very distinct traditions and food habits. It also occurs in a context in which developing countries have become competitive suppliers in a number of markets, providing opportunities for the transformation of their leading domestic players into global actors.
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VI. Напишите свое резюме, выбрав подходящую должность, согласно плану:
1) salesperson 2) manager 3) accountant
at:
- a subsidiary of a big corporation in your city (KFC, Procter & Gamble etc.)
- a small food shop
- a big supermarket
1. Personal details
2. Education
3. Professional experience
4. Skills
Languages
Additional
5. Activities
6. References
Контрольная работа № 3 по английскому языку
Для студентов заочного отделения ИжГСХА
(направление «Экономика», «Менеджмент», «Экономическая безопасность»)
Вариант 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол - сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. Microeconomics focuses on individual economic units.
2. Some governments impose various regulations on businesses in their countries
3. The dollar is fluctuating.
4. They have obtained a license from Apple Computer lately.
5. His proposals were discussed by the Board of Directors.
6. The science of economics is based on the facts of our everyday lives.
7. The committee has been formed to protect the consumer's rights.
II. В следующих предложениях подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. Boom is a period of increased business activity when a rising demand for all commodities results in increased industrial production
2. Britain has an economic system based on private enterprise and private supplies of capital.
3. A company files a plan indicating what it is going to produce.
4. Developing countries are inevitably interested in long-term plans guided by the government.
5. While looking through the documents he found several errors.
