2020-06-29
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| content, dependent, determined, form, liquefied, proportions, subjected, types, whereas, yield |
Crude oil and natural gas consist of hydrogen and carbon in different (1) _____. For example, crude oil contains between 84 and 87% carbon, (2) _____ natural gas contains between 65 and 80% carbon.
In crude oil, there are four (3) _____ if hydrocarbon molecule:
– the paraffin or alkane molecule
– the napthene or cycloparaffin molecule
– the aromatic or benzene molecule
– the asphaltic molecule.
The physical properties of crude oil are (4) _____ by the relative percentage of these different hydrocarbon molecules. In turn, the quality and therefore the value of the product are also (5) _____ on what can be refined from the crude oil.
Broadly speaking, the greater the (6) _____ of asphaltic molecules there is, the more the crude oil can be refined into high-grade gasoline or asphalt. On the other hand, the greater the content of paraffin molecules, the waxier the crude, and therefore the greater the (7) _____ of lubricating oil and kerosene.
In refining, oil is (8) _____ to heat in a distilling column and products are extracted in liquid (9) _____ as they cool, with different products being extracted at different temperatures. The most demanded product in refining is gasoline, followed by heating fuel, jet fuel and then a number of less-produced products, including (10) _____ gases and various petro-chemical feedstock, such as methane, ethylene and propylene.
Task 4. Read the text and answer the questions that follow:
Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:
When purchasing crude oil, refiners are interested in the following information:
Origin. The oilfield of origin indicates the quality of the crude. Oil companies often sell a blend of crudes from different fields.
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API. This stands for American Petroleum Institute and is a measure of the density of the oil. The higher the number, the lighter the oil. Light oils, often transparent in colour and very fluid, have an API of between 35 and 45. Heavy oils, which are very viscous and dark-coloured have an API of below 25.
Sulphur content. Sulphur is an undesirable element in crude oil and needs to be removed during the refining process.
Crude oil is called sweet or sour, depending on its sulphur content. Sweet crudes have less than 1 % sulphur content by weight, sour crudes somewhere over 1 %.
Pour point. This indicates the amount of wax in a crude oil and is the lowest point at which the oil will still pour before it solidifies. A waxy crude oil is found in liquid form below the surface before it is extracted, but can solidify as it is brought out of the ground and this can lead to clogging in the tubing of the well.
Crude oils are often measured against a benchmark, such as Brent from the North Sea, which has an API of 33 and a sulphur content of 0.3%.
1. Are there any blended crudes on the list?
2. Which is the heaviest oil on the list?
3. Which oils would be transparent in colour?
4. Which is the sourest crude on the list?
5. Which crude might clog as it is extracted from the ground?
6. Which crudes are closest to the Brent crude benchmark?
Task 5. Look through the operations which are involved in different kinds of testing or analysis. Give them Russian equivalents. Do you know any other scientific operations not mentioned here?
Задание 5. Просмотрите, какие операции выполняются в процессе взятия проб и анализов нефти. Дайте русские эквиваленты. Вы знаете, какие еще научные исследования могут проводиться в процессе взятия проб нефти?
| Analyzing Gauging Monitoring Researching | Assaying Interpreting Plotting Sampling | Benchmarking Logging Recording Surveying | Disseminating Measuring Reporting |
Список рекомендуемой литературы:
Основная литература:
1. Английский язык для инженеров: учебник / Т. Ю. Полякова [и др.]. - Изд. 7-е, испр. - М.: Высшая школа, 2015. - 463 с. - Гриф: Рек. МО для технич. спец. - ISBN 978-5-06-006192-5, экземпляров неограничено
Дополнительная литература:
1. Агабекян, И. П. Деловой английский: [учеб.пособие] / И.П. Агабекян. - 9-е изд., стер. - Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2013. - 317 с. - (Высшее образование). - Библиогр.: с. 315. - ISBN 978-5-222-20706-2
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2. Oxford Russian Dictionary: Russ.-Engl., Engl.-Russ. - 3 ed. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2011. - 1293 c. - ISBN 0-19-860160-3
3. Murphy R. Grammar in Use: a self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Интернет-ресурсы:
1.http://biblioclub.ru – Университетская библиотека онлайн
2. http://www.rsl.ru – Российская государственная библиотека
3. The Electronic Business Letter Writer (пособие по деловой переписке). Oxford University Press, 2008.
4. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/default.aspdict=CALD Cambridge Dictionaries on-line. – он-лайн словарь
5. www.macmillandictionary.com – электронный словарь
