Поэтический функциональный стиль

Понятие «стиль». 2) Сферы стилистических исследований. 3) Предмет и задачи стилистики. 4)Игра со стилем (пародия и стилизация). 5)Стилистика языка и стилистика речи. 6) Функциональные стили речи. 7) Поэтический стиль и стиль художественной литературы.

Занятие 1.

Скворцов Л.И. Что угрожает языку?: Размышления о состоянии современной русской речи // Русский язык в школе. 1994. №5

К.И. Чуковский настоящим недугом языка считал лишь канцелярскую речь. Однако сейчас тяжелыми болезнями уже можно признать и перехлест иноязычных заимствований, и разлив внелитературного просторечия и жаргонизмов, и даже обсценной лексики, которую некоторые исследователи считают нашим достоянием.

1) “Style is a quality of an activity and its product”. (Л. Б. Лебедева)

“democracy Russian style”, “She has style”

The origin of the term Style and Stylistics. Lat – stylus – a stick made of material for writing. Stylistics – from French «Stylistique «– instrument for writing.

2) The majority of linguists who deal with the subject of style agree that the term applies to the following fields of investigation:

1) the aesthetic function of language;

2) expressive means in language;

3) synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea;

4) emotional colouring of language;

5) a system of special devices called stylistic devices;

6) the splitting of the literary language into separate subsystems called stylistic devices;

7) the interrelation between language and thought;

8) the individual manner of an author in making use of language.

3) a) “ Stylistics as a linguistic discipline is concerned with language use and those features of language which distinguish its use under different circumstances and by different individuals, it is also concerned with those features of language use which account for superior expressive means of literary texts” (Л. Б. Лебедева);

b) «Лингвистическая стилистика — сравнительно новый раздел языкознания, который занимается исследованием стилей речи, стилистических приемов и выразительных средств языка в их отношении к выражаемому содержанию» (И. Р. Гальперин);

c) «Стилистика справедливо считается одной из отраслей прикладной лингвистики. Она не только развивает навыки вдумчивого чтения, но и дает основу для развития художественного вкуса, способствует нормализации языка и помогает хорошо и выразительно говорить и писать. … Стилистикой называется отрасль лингвистики, исследующая принципы и эффект выбора и использования лексических, грамматических, фонетических и вообще языковых средств для передачи мысли и эмоции в разных условиях общения» (И. В. Арнольд)

4) Parody and pastiche.

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“Ezekiel 25:17.

The path of the righteous man is beset on all sides by the inequity of the selfish and the tyranny of evil men. Blessed is he who in the name of charity and good will shepherds the weak to the Valley of Darkness. For he is truly his brothers’ keeper and the finder of lost children. And I will strike down upon thee with great vengeance and furious anger, those who attempt to poison and destroy my brothers! And you will know, my name is the Law when I lay my vengeance upon thee.”

5) The expressive means of a language are those phonetic means, morphological forms, means of word-building, and lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms, all of which function in the language for emotional or logical intensification of the utterance. These intensifying forms of the language have been fixed in grammars and dictionaries. Some of them are normalized, and good dictionaries label them as intensifiers. In most cases they have corresponding neutral synonymous forms.

Pitch – тональность, melody, stress, pausation, drawling – протяжное произношение, drawling out certain syllables, whispering, a sing-song manner of speech – распевная манера.

He shall do it. = I shall make him do it.

Diminutive suffixes ‘у’ (‘ie’), ‘let’, e. g. Dear – dearie, stream – streamlet, girl – girly

whore (archaic, obsolete) – prostitute – streetwalker ( vulgar)– tart (vulgar) – hooker (American slang) – slut (used as a very strong insult)

‘the set expressions of the language’ К примеру, трафаретные (e.g. ‘happily disappointed, ill pleased, holy war’) и стертые оксюмороны (e.g. ‘awfully nice, pretty disgusting, terribly attractive’)

6) “ A style of Language is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication. The peculiar choice of language means is primarily dependent on the aim of communication” (И. Р. Гальперин).

Thus we may distinguish the following styles within the English literary language: 1) the belles-letters style; 2) the publicistic style; 3) the newspaper style; 4) the scientific prose style; 5) the style of official documents and presumably some others.

‘steed’ or ‘charger’ for ‘horse’, ‘welkin’ for ‘sky’, ‘vale’ for ‘valley’

“Romeo and Juliet” (1597)

Архаизмы:

Romeo: Good morrow to you both.

архаические морфологические формы:

Mercutio: I am done: for thou hast more of the wild goose in one of thy wits than, I am sure, I have in my whole five.

Juliet: I pray thee speak.

оксюмороны:

Mercutio: Thy wit is a very bitter sweeting…

художественные сравнения:

Mercutio: Without his roe, like a dried herring.

аллюзии:

Mercutio: Laura to his lady was a kitchen wench …, Cleopatra a gypsy, Helen and Hero hildings and harlots…

олицетворения и эпитеты:

Friar: The gray-eyed morn smiles on the frowning night…

Абстрактные существительные: true-love passion, satisfaction, joy, death, life, hate, grace, virtue, vice, justice, revenge.

Оценочные прилагательные: honorable, gracious, courageous, courteous, faithful, bold, brave.

Малое кол-во конкретных существительных: worms’ meat (= flesh), burning eye (=the sun.)

Поэтическая орфография:

Juliet: You kiss by th’ book. (“Romeo and Juliet”);

Second Capulet: By’r Lady, thirty years. (“Romeo and Juliet”).

Mercutio: …Through lovers’ brains, and then they dream of love;

O’er courtiers’ knees, that dream of curtsies straight;

O’er lawyers’ fingers who straight dream on fees;

O’er ladies’ lips, who straight on kisses dream… (“Romeo and Juliet”)