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Modern chemistry was slower to develop than astronomy and physics. It began in the 17th and 18th centuries when Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), who discovered oxygen in 1774, and Robert Boyle (1627-1691) began to record and publish the results of their experiments and to discuss their theories openly. Boyle, who has been called the founder of modern chemistry, was one of the first to practice chemistry as a true science. He believed in the experimental method. In his most important book, The Sceptical Chemist, he clearly distinguished between an element and a compound or mixture. Boyle is best known today for the gas law that bears his name. A French chemist, Antoine Lavoisier (1743—1794), placed the science on a firm foundation with experiments in which he used a chemical balance to make quantitative measurements of the weights of substances involved in chemical reactions. The use of the chemical balance by Lavoisier and others later in the 18th century was almost as revolutionary in chemistry as the use of the telescope had been in astronomy. Thereafter, chemistry became a quantitative experimental science. Lavoisier also contributed greatly to the organization of chemical data, to chemical nomenclature, and to the establishment of the law of conservation of mass in chemical changes. During the period from 1803 to 1810, John Dalton (1766-1844), an English schoolteacher, advanced his atomic theory. This theory placed the atomistic concept of matter on a valid rational basis. It remains today as a tremendously important general concept of modern science. Since the time of Dalton, knowledge of chemistry has advanced in great strides, with the most rapid advancement occurring at the end of the 19th century and during the 20th century. Especially outstanding achievements have been made in determining the structure of atom, understanding the biochemical fundamentals of life, developing chemical technology, and mass production of chemicals and related products.

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Test 2

1. The principle goal of alchemist way to find a method of … human life.

a. prolonging

b. improving

c. ageing

d. treating

2. Alchemist ranted to change base metals into …

a. remedy

b. perfect metals

c. gold

d. some medicines