2018-03-09
118
Http://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/countries - English speaking Countries
Http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests - English Tests
Http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary - English Vocabulary
Unit 1
Контрольная работа № 1
Вариант 1
1. Read and translate the text:
Economics
Economics, social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed; history records changes in human objectives; sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.
Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.
The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments. Because, according to Keynes, inadequate aggregate demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.
2. Give Russian equivalents to:
social science; distribution of goods and services; to try to explain; sociology interprets human behavior; to create a multitude of individual prices; to spend their income; as much pleasure as possible; they maximize utility; for their part; to deal with modern explanation; prosperity and depression; demand for goods and services; business investors; according to Keynes; larger budget deficits.
3. Answer the following questions:
1. What is economics?
2. On what problems do economists focus their attention?
3. What do psychology and ethics try to explain?
4. What does sociology interpret in social contexts?
5. Into what fields can be standard economics divided?
6. What does microeconomics explain?
7. How do consumers try to spend their income?
8. Do they maximize utility?
9. What questions does the second field study?
10. Who is the author of the book «The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money»?
11. How does he explain prosperity and depression?
4. Write these phrases in the possessive form, i.e. with ‘s or ‘:
1. the corporations of the nation.
2. the activities of the people.
3. the desires of consumers.
4. the image of a product.
5. the reputation of a seller.
6. the work of a day.
7. the economy of a country.
8. the problems of the economists.
9. the play of the government.
10. the works of Keynes.
11. the dollar of a consumer.
5. Give the comparative and superlative of the following:
Example: high -higher - the highest;
professional - more professional - the most professional.
efficient, rational, modern, total, large, rich, poor, little, good, traditional, important.
6. Translate the following into Russian:
1. There are, however, no «pure» market economies in the world today.
2. Economists note that there is no limit to the amount or kinds of things that people want.
3. There is, however, a limit to the resources.
4. In addition to buyers and sellers, there are several other essential elements in a market economy.
5. There are many buyers and sellers so that no individual or group can control prices.
6. There are two ways to earn income: from your work and from the use of your wealth.
7. Translate into Russian:
1. Economists have two ways of looking at economics and economy.
2. Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole, microeconomics is the study of individual consumers and the business firm.
3. Each factor of production has a place in our economic system, and each has a particular function.
4. Price stability refers to times during which prices remain constant.
5. A budget is a financial plan that summarizes income and expenditures over a period of time.
6. Saving is one of the most important things that people do with their incomes.
7. Economic forces also affect decisions in the world of business.
8. The United States government also employs economists to study economic problems and to suggest ways to solve them.
9. Consumers are people who use goods and services to satisfy their wants.
10. Efficiency is a measure of how much we get for what we use.
11. Demand is a consumer’s willingness and ability to buy a product or service at a particular time and place.
8. Read the text and retell the contents in Russian:
Government
The London Government Act (1963) authorized the creation of a two-tiered government consisting of 32 borough councils and the Greater London Council. The borough councils are locally elected and are responsible for local functions. Until its abolition in 1986, the Greater London Council administered broad functions for the metropolitan area as a whole, such as overall planning, the coordination of transportation systems, and the management of parks. The council comprised 100 councilors, locally elected, and 15 aldermen, elected by the councilors.
The historic Corporation of the City of London is equivalent in function to a borough council. Since the reign of King John in the 13th century, citizens of the City of London have had the right to elect their own mayor. The corporation government is composed of the Lord mayor, who is elected annually by members of the livery companies (guilds); 25 aldermen, who are elected for life; and 153 council members, who are elected annually from 25 wards.
(From an Encyclopedia)
Вариант 2
1. Read and translate the text:
The Market Economy
A Market, or free enterprise economy is one in which the decisions of many individual buyers and sellers interact to determine the answers to the questions of What, How and Who.
In addition to buyers and sellers, there are several other essential elements in a market economy. One of these is private property. By «private property» we mean the right of individuals and business firms to own the means of productions. Although markets exist in traditional and command economies, the major means of productions (firms, factories, farms, mines, etc.) are usually publicly owned. That is, they are owned by groups of people or by the government. In a market economy the means of production are owned by private individuals. Private ownership gives people the incentive to use their property to produce things that will sell and earn them a profit.
This desire to earn profit is a second ingredient in market economy. Often referred to as the profit motive, it provides the fuel that drives sellers to produce the things that buyers want, and at a price they are willing to pay.
The profit motive also gives sellers the incentive to produce at the lowest possible cost. Why? Because lower costs enable them to (1) increase their profit margins, the difference between cost and selling price, or (2) reduce prices to undersell during the competition, or (3) both.
Economists often compare markets to polling booths. However, unlike the booths in which people vote for politicians, markets provide a kind of economic polling booth for buyers to cast their votes (in the form of purchases) for the goods and services they want. Producers who interpret the votes correctly by producing the things that buyers demand can earn profits. Those who interpret the voting incorrectly, producing too much or too little, or charging a price that is too high or too low, do not earn profits. In fact, they often lose money.
Consumer votes can be a matter of life and death to business in a market economy.
2. Give Russian equivalents to:
the decisions of many individual buyers and sellers interact; essential elements; the right to own the means of production; to exist in traditional and command economies; publicly owned; the incentive to use their property; the desire to earn profits; often referred to; to drive sellers to produce the things; the lowest possible cost; to increase their profit margins; unlike the booth; to vote for politicians; to cast their votes; to interpret the voting incorrectly; too much or too little; to lose money; a matter of life and death to business.
3. Answer the following questions:
1. What is a market, or free enterprise?
2. Are there several other essential elements in a market economy?
3. What do we mean by «private property»?
4. Who own the major means of production?
5. What does private ownership give people?
6. What is the profit motive?
7. Why does the profit motive give sellers the incentive to produce at the lowest possible cost?
8. To what do economists often compare markets?
9. What is the difference?
10. When do producers lose money?
4. Translate the following into Russian:
1. a market economy, a command economy, business firms, profit motive, profit margins, price theory, wage rates, rental changes, business investors, budget deficits, production materials, wage incentive programs, Austrian - American management, consultant, consumer interests, government planners, computer experts, industry specialists.
2. consumption of goods, fields of study, the interplay of supply and demand, explanation of prosperity and depression, demand for goods and services, means of production, lines of responsibility, the purchase of equipment, provision of work, sale of products, utilization of computers.
5. Ask ten questions, using these question words:
Who? What? Where? Why? How many? What kind of? What is the difference? Is there? Are there? Have you?
6. Read the text and retell the contents in Russian:
Keynes
Keynes, John Maynard, 1st Baron Keynes of Tilton (1883-1946), British economist.
Keynes was born in Cambridge, England, and educated at Eton College and the University of Cambridge. He began his career in the India Office of the British government and wrote a highly regarded book, Indian Currency and Finance (1913). During World War I he worked in the treasury, which he represented at the Paris Peace Conference (1919). During the next decade he made a fortune speculating in international currencies, taught at Cambridge, and wrote Treatise on Probability (1921), a mathematical work, and A Treatise on Money (1930). In the latter, he sought to explain why an economy operates so unevenly, with frequent cycles of booms and depressions. Keynes closely examined the problem of prolonged depression in his major work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936). This book, which provided a theoretical defense for programs that were already being tried in Great Britain and by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the U.S., proposed that no self-correcting mechanism to lift an economy out of a depression existed. It stated that unused savings prolonged economic stagnation and that business investment was spurred by new inventions, new markets, and other influences not related to the interest rate on savings. Keynes proposed that government spending must compensate for insufficient business investment in times of recession.
Shortly after Great Britain entered World War II, Keynes published How to Pay for the War (1940), in which he urged that a portion of every wage earner’s pay should automatically be invested in government bonds. In 1942 he was made a baron, and two years later he headed the British delegation to the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, the Bretton Woods Conference. There he promoted establishment of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund.
Keynes’s ideas have profoundly influenced the economic policies of many governments since World War II, and many consider his General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money one of the most significant theoretical works of the 20th century.
7. Read the dates:
March 8, 1991; June 22, 1941; May 9, 1945; April 12,1961; January 1, 2000.
8. Translate English jokes:
A: Did the play have a happy ending?
B: Yes, everybody was happy when it ended.
A: A telegram from George, dear.
B: Well, did he pass the examination this time?
A: No, but he is almost at the top of the list of those who failed.
Вариант 3
1. Read and translate the text:
Marketing
Marketing, activities involved in getting goods from the producer to the consumer. The producer is responsible for the design and manufacture of goods. Early marketing techniques followed production and were responsible only for moving goods from the manufacturer to the point of final sale. Now, however, marketing is much more pervasive. In large corporations the marketing functions precede the manufacture of a product. They involve market research and product development, design, and testing.
Marketing concentrates primarily on the buyers, or consumers, determining their needs and desires, educating them with regard to the availability of products and to important product features, developing strategies to persuade them to buy, and, finally, enhancing their satisfaction with a purchase. Marketing management includes planning, organizing, directing, and controlling decision making regarding product lines, pricing, promotion, and servicing. In most of these areas marketing has complete control; in others, as in product-line development, its function is primarily advisory. In addition, the marketing department of a business firm is responsible for the physical distribution of the products, determining the channels of distribution that will be used and supervising the profitable flow of goods from the factory or warehouse.
2. Give Russian equivalents to:
Activities involved in getting goods; is responsible for the design; early marketing techniques; to the point of final stage; is much more pervasive; in large corporations; precede the manufacture of a product; testing; with regard to the availability of product; enhancing their satisfaction with a purchase; marketing management; regarding product lines; promotion; its function is primarily advisory; the marketing department; physical distribution; the profitable flow of goods.
3. Compose the questions using the following words:
1. is, marketing, what?
2. the producer, is, for what, responsible?
3. early marketing technique, did, what, follow?
4. the manufacture of a profit, where, precede, the marketing functions, do?
5. they, what, do, involve?
6. does, on, what, concentrate, marketing?
7. what, marketing management, does, include?
8. marketing, complete control, has, when?
9. the marketing department of a business firm, responsible for the physical distribution of the products, is?
4. Form the Past Indefinite Tense of the following verbs:
to involve, to be, to precede, to concentrate, to buy, to get, to make, to have, to select, to contribute, to try, to assume, to spend, to give, to increase.
5. Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Indefinite Tense and translate the sentences:
1. Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece (to write) about problems of wealth, property, and trade.
2. The Romans (to borrow) their economic ideas from the Greeks and (to show) the same contempt for trade.
3. In ancient and medieval times dire scarcity of resources (to be) common and (to affect) the lives of most human beings.
4. In England, Parliament (to pass) a Statute of Monopolies (1624).
5. The Second development (to be) the expansion of production that (to follow) the Industrial Revolution.
6. Cartels (to originate) in Germany during the 1870s.
7. As business (to become) more competitive, new and more complex corporate combinations (to come) on the scene.
6. Ask all possible questions:
1. During World War II the government of Germany utilized domestic cartels to produce armaments.
7. Translate into Russian paying attention to the emphatic construction «it is... that...»:
2. It is the planners who decide what goods and services will be produced.
3. It is the planners, too, with guidance from the country’s political leadership, who decide who will receive the goods and services produced.
4. It was at this time (1936) that Keynes’ work was published.
5. Indeed, it is from the early 1970s, when détente began to take shape.
8. Write in words these numbers:
11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 20, 30, 40.
Use hundred, thousand, million with the words in brackets:
300 (dollar); 400 (pound); 10,000 (rouble); 500,000 (woman); 2,000,000 (man); 6,700 (child); 1,000 (computer).
9. Read the text and retell the contents in Russian:
London (England), city in southeastern England, capital of Great Britain, at the head of the Thames estuary, west of its mouth on the North Sea. London is one of the world’s most important financial and cultural centers and is noted for its museums, performing arts, exchange and commodity markets, and insurance and banking functions, as well as a host of specialized services. In popular and traditional usage, the term City of London, or the City, is applied only to a small area (2.59 sq km/1 sq mi) that was the original settlement (ancient Londinium) and is now part of the business and financial district of the metropolis. The City of London and 32 surrounding boroughs form the Greater London metropolitan area, which has an area of 1579 sq km (610 sq mi).
(From an Encyclopedia)
