2018-03-09
101
XIV. Выделите ключевые предложения абзацев.
XV. Определите тему текста и сформулируйте его идею.
XVI. Письменно кратко изложите содержание текста на английском языке.
XVII. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Who receives a commission for a building?
2. What does the architect do after visiting the site?
3. How many building contractors are invited to bid for the job of constructing the building?
4. Who pays the bills from the contractor?
5. What is the aim of the ‘defects liability period’?
6. What is the final stage?
7. What do you know about quantity suveyors?
8. During the ‘defects liability period’, the contractor must correct any defects that appear in the fabric of the building. Do you agree?
9. Using information you gained from the text comment on the system which helps to protect the client's interests.
XVIII. Перескажите текст.
Текст №12
I. Найдите в словаре русские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений, которые понадобятся вам для работы с текстом, выучите данные слова и выражения: to fall down, to affect, earthquake, category, dangerous, soil, to collapse, injury, a bar of steel, flood, weakness, hurricane, chemical reaction, to carry out, to withstand.
II. С помощью словаря переведите следующие словосочетания и составьте с ними собственные предложения, не прибегая к помощи текста: foundations of a building, weather conditions, high alumina cement, architect's instructions, tensile strength, an obvious example.
|
|
|
III. Прочитайте, устно переведите и предложите свое название текста. Обоснуйте свой выбор:
Why do buildings sometimes fall down? A building collapses because of some kind of structural failure. There are many causes of structural failure, but they can all generally be divided into two categories. The first category can be defined as faults in design. Architects who don't do their jobs carefully enough, or builders who don't carry out the architect's instructions properly. Whatever the cause the effect is the same: a building or a bridge or some other such structure may collapse and cause death or injury. Let's take reinforced concrete as an example. As you know, this is concrete strengthened by bars of steel. But if a reinforced concrete beam does not contain enough steel, its tensile strength may be affected. If the beam is subjected to a heavy load, a failure in tensile strength may result in the collapse of the beam. Another good example – high alumina cement. This type of cement was originally used because it was much lighter but appeared to be very strong. But under certain conditions a weakness can develop. This weakness is caused by a chemical reaction in the cement itself. And that can be dangerous, because any weakness in the cement directly affects the strength of the roof support or wall that is built from it.
So the first category comprises faults in design, in other words mistakes made by men. The second category comprises structural failures due to natural causes. An obvious example is an earthquake. An earthquake shakes the foundations of a building, causing enormous stress and strain on structures that simply cannot withstand them. The result is that the whole structure collapses under the strain. And floods and hurricanes can have the same effects as earthquakes. Floodwater can cause damage to foundations, and hurricanes can blow down walls or send roofs flying into the air. Luckily we don't get too many things like that in our country. But even normal weather conditions can cause structural failures.
Take rot, for example. You can get dry rot or wet rot. Both are caused by dampness in the soil or in the atmosphere, and also simply by rain. Rot can have a very bad effect on the timber structures, that is the woodwork, of the older buildings.
And finally, there is simply old age. Buildings, like people, grow old, and age can affect the structural strength of a house or a bridge, even if it is made of the strongest materials.
IV. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений. На базе текста составьте с ними предложения: разрушение, при определенных условиях, укреплять, включать в себя, недоработка, трясти, естественная причина, конструктивная ошибка, влажность, огромное напряжение, деревянные части здания, деформация, тяжелый груз, благодаря.
|
|
|
V. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения: failure, design, develop, natural causes, a bridge.
1. The second category comprises structural failures due to …
2. The first category can be defined as faults in …
3. But under certain conditions a weakness can …
4. Buildings, like people, grow old, and age can affect the structural strength of a house or …
There are many causes of structural …
VI. Составьте предложения из следующих слов и словосочетаний:
1. them, the foundations, a building, cannot, causing, simply, enormous, that, stress, structures, on, and, strain, an earthquake, shakes, withstand, of.
2. rot, dry, rot, wet, or, get, can, you.
3. sometimes, down, fall, buildings, do, why.
4. design, the, in, first, faults, category, as, can be defined.
5. failures, but, structural, even, cause, normal, can, weather conditions.
VII. а) Выделите ядро следующего предложения по схеме:
S-P-(O)-(A)
| Subject → | Predicate → | (Object) → | (Adverbial Modifier) |
| подлежащее | сказуемое | (дополнение) | (обстоятельство) |
или S-Р1Р2-(О) - (А);
| Subject → | Predicate1 Predicate2 → | (Object) → | (Adverbial Modifier) |
| подлежащее | изменяемая неизменяемая часть сказуемого | (дополнение) | (обстоятельство) |
б) переведите ядро данного предложения на русский язык;
в) переведите предложение целиком: Rot can have a very bad effect on the timber structures, that is the woodwork, of the older buildings.
VIII. Письменно переведите абзац: “Take rot … of the strongest materials”.
IX. Согласитесь или не согласитесь со следующими высказываниями. Обоснуйте свое мнение, пользуясь текстом:
1. The buildings always fall down.
2. There are four categories of structural failure.
3. Under certain conditions a weakness can develop.
4. Floods and hurricanes can't have the same effects as earthquakes.
5. Rot can have a very bad effect on the timber structures.
X. Найдите в тексте слова, которые соответствуют следующим определениям и в соответствии с прочитанным текстом письменно составьте с ними предложения:
- solid part of a building under the ground which transmits the load of a building to the earth
- to resist
- amount of dimensional change caused by a force
- to influence
- ground, earth.
XI. Каждое слово в английском языке имеет несколько значений, которые зависят от контекста и ситуации, в которых оно применяется, также оно может быть как глаголом, так и существительным, поэтому вам предлагаются следующие задания:
- пользуясь англо-русским словарем, изучите статьи о словах “to affect” и “a kind”;
- выпишите сложные слова и производные, приведенные в статьях;
- укажите количество определений, приведенных в статьях;
- выпишите из текста предложения с этими словами и укажите, какое из значений они имеют в данном контексте.
XII. Соедините слова левой колонки с подходящим определением в правой и составьте свои предложения с этими словами:
| 1. enormous | 1. being destroyed by chemical action |
| 2. wet rot | 2. division or class in a complete system |
| 3. corrosion | 3. force per unit area |
| 4. category | 4. fungus which destroys timber which has become wet |
| 5. stress | 5. very large, immense |
