2018-03-09
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XIV. Выделите ключевые предложения абзацев.
XV. Определите тему текста и сформулируйте его идею.
XVI. Письменно кратко изложите содержание текста на английском
Языке.
XVII. Ответьте на вопросы:
l. What is the problem in the arid regions?
2. What causes glare in the arid regions?
3. What is the problem in the humid regions?
4. Using information you gained from the text comment on the methods of overcoming these problems.
5. What has many effects on the performance of buildings?
6. How can we reduce heat losses from a building?
7. What do you know about solar water heaters?
8. What components does the solar collector consist of?
9. Do you agree that one of the problems in hot climates is to exclude not only radiant heat but also glare? Why do you think so?
XVIII. Перескажите текст.
Текст № 9
I. Найдите в словаре русские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений, которые понадобятся вам для работы с текстом, выучите данные слова и выражения: cane, vine, bamboo, hardwood, softwood, grit, due to, solar radiation, rapid evaporation, shortage of water, mud bricks, thermal conductivity, attack by termites and beetles, floor slabs.
II. С помощью словаря переведите следующие словосочетания и составьте с ними собственные предложения, не прибегая к помощи текста: low resistance, soluble salt, the warm-humid zone, highly combustible, to erode, corrosion.
III. Прочитайте, устно переведите и предложите свое название текста. Обоснуйте свой выбор:
Cane and leaves are available in the warm-humid zones and grass in the intermediate and subtropical zones. Vine, bamboo and palm-fronds are used for buildings in the warm-humid zones. Because these materials are light, do not store heat, and allow the free passage of air, they are frequently used for making roofs. However, they have a relatively short life span because they deteriorate rapidly due to termite attack. They are also highly combustible.
Both hardwoods and softwoods are found in most tropical and subtropical areas I with the exception of the hot-dry zones. On external woodwork preservative stains should be used rather than paints which tend to deteriorate fairly rapidly in the hot zones. Extremes of climatic conditions cause dimensional changes producing cracks, splits, and warping. Wind-blown sand and grit gradually erode exposed timber. In warm-humid zones timber is liable to wet and dry rot and to attack by termites and beetles.
Earth is one of the most widely used traditional building materials in hot-dry
lands. Earth is used not only for walls but also for roofs; mud brick vaults and
domes are common in countries like Iran and Egypt. Because mud has less
strength than most other construction materials, mud walls are built thicker.
Partly due to the thickness of mud walls and partly due to its low thermal
conductivity, rooms built of mud are much cooler in hot climates than
those of any other material. Mud bricks are brittle and do not withstand dama tension well. For this reason the vault and the dome were evolved in the East. There is a high risk of termite damage in some areas. Walls exposed to weathering and rain require frequent repair work.
Concrete and reinforced concrete are widely used throughout the non-temperate zones. Cement is manufactured locally in many places. Sand is found almost everywhere but it may be contaminated with soluble salts. Suitable aggregate may be difficult to find. Concrete is most frequently used for the structure, foundations and floor slabs of buildings. Care must be taken when using concrete for walls and roofs. Heat builds up on the exterior of concrete walls and roofs due to solar radiation and surface temperatures usually exceed air temperatures. Then, because concrete walls tend to be thin and concrete has a low resistance to the passage of heat, heat is conducted into the interior. Salts in aggregates and water can cause corrosion of the reinforcement and subsequent spalling of the concrete cover. In hot-dry areas the rapid evaporation and shortage of water can result in low strength, cracking and high permeability.
IV. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений. На базе текста составьте с ними предложения: лист пальмы, трещина, разрушаться, искривление, хрупкий, гниение, нападение термитов, песок, свод, испарение, выветривание, твердая древесина, древесина мягкой породы, климатические условия, железобетон.
V. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова и предложения: combustible, the warm-humid zones, timber, the East, the non-temperate zones.
1. Wind-blown sand and grit gradually erode exposed...
2. For this reason the vault and the dome were evolved in...
3. Vine, bamboo and palm-fronds are used for buildings in...
4. Concrete and reinforced concrete are widely used throughout...
5. They are also highly...
VI.Составьте предложения из следующих слов:
1. in some areas, there, is of, termite damage, a high risk.
2. thicker, because, built, mud, are, has, walls, less, mud, strength, other, than, construction materials, most.
3. combustible, highly, they, also, are.
4. find, to, suitable, difficult, aggregate, may be.
5. the hot dry zones, both, of, are, hardwoods, the exception, and, with, softwoods, subtropical areas, found, tropical, most, in, and.
VII. а) Выделите ядро из следующего предложения по схеме:
S-P-(O)-(A)
| Subject → | Predicate → | (Object) → | (Adverbial Modifier) |
| подлежащее | сказуемое | (дополнение) | (обстоятельство) |
или S-Р1Р2-(О) - (А);
| Subject → | Predicate1 Predicate2 → | (Object) → | (Adverbial Modifier) |
| подлежащее | изменяемая неизменяемая часть сказуемого | (дополнение) | (обстоятельство) |
б) переведите ядро данного предложения на русский язык;
в) переведите предложение целиком: Vine, bamboo and palm-fronds are used for buildings in the warm-humid zones.
VIII. Письменно переведите абзац: “Concrete and reinforced concrete... cracking and high permeability”.
IX. Согласитесь или не согласитесь со следующими высказываниями. Обоснуйте свое мнение, пользуясь текстом:
l. Care must be taken when using concrete for floors.
2. Timber is one of the most widely used traditional building materials in hot-dry lands.
3. Both hardwoods and softwoods are found in most tropical and subtropical areas with the exception of the hot-dry zones.
4. Earth is used only for walls.
5. The vault and the dome were evolved in the East.
X. Найдите в тексте слова, которые соответствуют следующим определениям и в соответствии с прочитанным текстом письменно составьте с ними предложения:
- to make, produce on a large scale by machinery
- quickly
- wood used in building
- a fact which is put forward as a cause or explanation
- to hurt or spoil.
XI. Каждое слово в английском языке имеет несколько значений, которые зависят от контекста и ситуации, в которых оно применяется, также оно может быть как глаголом, так и существительным, поэтому вам предлагаются следующие задания:
- пользуясь англо-русским словарем, изучите статьи о словах “to deteriorate” и “vault”;
- выпишите сложные сова и производные, приведенные в статьях;
- укажите количество определений, приведенных в статьях;
- выпишите из текста предложения с данными словами и укажите, какое из значений они имеют в данном контексте.
XII. Соедините слова левой колонки с подходящим определением в правой и составьте свои предложения с этими словами:
| 1. bamboo | 1. can burn easily |
| 2. combustible | 2. insect which damages timber |
| 3. beetle | 3. rounded roof with a circular base |
| 4. dome | 4. gravel or broken stone used in concrete |
| 5. aggregate | 5. fast-growing plant |
