XIII. Выделите ключевые фрагменты текста (слова, словосочетания, предложения)

XIV. Выделите ключевые предложения абзацев.

XV. Определите тему текста и сформулируйте его идею.

XVI. Письменно кратко изложите содержание текста на английском

Языке.

XVII. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the function of a house?

2. What do you know about warm-humid climates?

3. Why can the houses gain maximum benefit, from the prevailing wind?

4. What are the walls used for?

5. Where are hot-dry climates found?

6. What is the most important function of the houses in this climate?

7. Do you agree that walls should be very thick and made of heat storing materials? Give reasons for your answer.

8. Using information you gained from the text comment on the different types of houses in the tropical regions.

9. Do you think that day-time air temperatures are excessively hot in our region? Why do you think so?

XVIII. Перескажите текст.

Текст №8

I. Найдите в словаре русские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений, которые понадобятся вам для работы с текстом, и выучите их: a screen, a shutter, a slit window, to obstruct, advantage, breeze, to overcome, surface, thickness, the humid region, the arid region, glare, to exclude, rate, volume.

II. С помощью словаря переведите следующие словосочетания и составьте с ними собственные предложения, не прибегая к помощи текста: a fundamental difference, a traditional way, one method of overcoming the problem, to lose heat, surface area, heat transfer.

III. Прочитайте, устно переведите и предложите свое название текста. Обоснуйте свой выбор:

One of the problems in hot climates is to exclude not only radiant heat but also glare, while at the same time admitting sufficient daylight. There is a fundamental difference between the problem in the arid and humid regions. In the arid regions, glare is caused by sunlight being reflected from the surface of the ground and light coloured walls of other buildings. A traditional way of overcoming this problem is by keeping windows on the external elevations small and few in number, with the larger, low level windows overlooking the shaded internal courtyard. Too sharp a contrast between a bright opening and the surrounding inside wall surface results in glare.For this reason, when small windows are used on the external walls, they must be designed with care. One traditional method of overcoming this problem is to use vertical slit windows which are usually located in the corners of rooms. Another method is to locate the windows between the ceiling and eye level, or alter­natively filters can be used in the form of lattices, screens or shutters.

High humidity and typically overcast conditions in the warm-humid regions result in a high proportion of the radiation being diffused so that the sky is the main source of glare. Because large openings are needed for cross ventilation, low overhanging eaves or wide verandahs are used to obstruct the view of most of the sky. In traditional houses thin external walls of coarsely woven mats, which in some cases can be rolled up, allow full advantage to be taken of every breeze.

* * *

The relation between surface area and volume has many effects on the performance of buildings. For example, the rate at which a building gains or loses heat through its walls depends on its surface area/volume ratio. Heat transfer is directly proportional to surface area and inversely proportional to volume. Thus a building with a proportionately large surface area, such as a one room house, will lose or gain heat relatively rapidly. Conver­sely, a building with a large volume in rela­tion to its surface area, such as a block of flats, will retain more heat. Heat losses from a building are reduced by using insulating materials such as expanded polystyrene. Thickness of insulation is in inverse proportion to heat transfer. We can conclude that the more compact the shape of the plan of a building for a given area the less the heat loss. It can also be shown that for a given required total floor area in a two or more storey building, the higher the building the greater the heat loss. However, buildings gain heat from the sun as well as losing heat to the cold. The more directly the face of a building is at right angles to the sun the greater the heat gain.

* * *

 Solar water heaters consist of a solar col­lector and a well-insulated tank. The func­tion of the collector is to absorb solar radiation during the day and transfer heat to the water. The tank serves to store the water with little temperature loss until it is required. Various types of absorber units are found, but the relatively simple flat-plate collector is most commonly used. The collector normally consists of the following components: an absorber or heat-exchanger element, insulation, cover and absorber box.

IV. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений. На базе текста составьте с ними предложения: главный источник света, высокая влажность, отражаться от поверхности, пропорционально, прямой угол, карниз, плетеная циновка, наоборот.

V. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения: the heat gain, glare, regions, few in number, eye level.

1. Another method is to locate the windows between the ceiling and...

2. A traditional way of overcoming this problem is by keeping windows on the external elevations small and...

3. There is a fundamental difference between the problem in the arid and humid...

4. The more directly the face of a building is at right angles to the sun the greater...

5. One of the problems in hot climates is to exclude not only radiant heat but also...

VI. Составьте предложения из следующих слов:

1. the arid, regions, and, humid, is, a difference, fundamental, there, the problem, between, in.

2. of, the performance, buildings, many, has, effects, on, the relation, surface area, between, volume, and.

3. transfer,mickness,heat,of,to,proportion,insulation, in, is inverse.

4. of, breeze, in, every, traditional, of, houses, to be taken, thin, advantage, external, full, walls, allow, coarsely woven mats.

5. the cold, the sun, buildings, however, gain, as well as, heat, to, losing, from, heat.

VII. a) Выделите ядро из следующего предложения по схеме:

S-P-(O)-(A)

Subject →	Predicate →	(Object) →	(Adverbial Modifier)
подлежащее	сказуемое	(дополнение)	(обстоятельство)

или S-Р₁Р₂-(О) - (А);

Subject →	Predicate1     Predicate2 →	(Object) →	(Adverbial Modifier)
подлежащее	изменяемая неизменяемая часть сказуемого	(дополнение)	(обстоятельство)

б) переведите ядро данного предложения на русский язык;

в) переведите предложение целиком: When small windows are used on the external walls, they must be designed with care.

VIII. Письменно переведите абзац: “Тhе relation between surface area... will

retain more heat”.

IX. Согласитесь или не согласитесь со следую­щими высказываниями.

Обоснуйте свое мнение, пользуясь текстом:

1. Thickness of insulation is in direct proportion to heat transfer.

2. There isn't a fundamental difference between the problem in the arid and humid regions.

3. Onе of the problems in hot climates is to exclude not only radiant heat but also glare, while at the same time admitting sufficient daylight.

4. The less directly the face of a building is at right angles to the sun the greater the heat gain.

5. A building with a large volume, in relation to its surface area, such as a block of flats, will retain more heat.

X. Найдите в тексте слова, которые соответс­твуют следующим определениям, и в соответствии с прочитанным текстом пись­менно составьте с ними предложения:

- the source of glare in the room

- the droughty region

- a covered outdoor space open on one or more sides extending from a building

- upper or overhead surface of a room

- a fence or wall which closes off a view, often to make a space

more private.

XI. Каждое слово в английском языке имеет несколько значений, которые зависят от контекста и ситуации, в которых оно применяется, также оно может быть как глаголом, так и существительным, поэтому вам предлагаются следующие задания:

- пользуясь англо- русским словарем, изучите статьи о словах “tо use” и “condition”;

- выпишите сложные слова и производные, приведенные в статьях;

- укажите количество определений, приведенных в статьях;

- выпишите из текста предложения с данными словами и укажите, какое из значений они имеют в данном контексте.

XII. Соедините слова левой колонки с подходящим определением
в правой и составьте свои предложения с этими словами:

1. to store	1. device which collects solar radiation and converts it into heat
2. overhanging eaves	2. place from which anything comes
3. solar collector	3. a wooden or steel cover that fastens over a window
4. source	4. rafters,projecting over the wall plate and clear of the wall
5. shutter	5. to collect, put aside for future use