2018-03-09
315
The single-storey structure consists of three frames. These frames are made up of steel stanchions and beams.
The frames are placed between end walls and spaced at 3 metre centres. The stanchions carry the beams. These beams support the roof. The roof beams cantilever a short distance beyond the stanchions. This means that they extend over the profiled sheet steel cladding. The cladding can then be placed outside the line of the stanchions.
The beams are bolted to steel stanchion caps. The stanchion caps are welded to the top of each stanchion. The load on each beam is transmitted through these plates to the stanchions.
The upper face of the steel base plates and the ends of the stanchions are machined flat. The bottom of each stanchion is welded to a base plate. Each base plate is fixed to a concrete column base by two holding-down bolts.
Steel angles are fixed across the ends of the beams and built into the brick walls. These angles tie the frames together and also provide a place to fix the top of the cladding.
IV. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения: steel cladding, holding-down bolts, machined flat, at 3 metre centres, of each stanchion.
1. The upper face of the steel base plates and the ends of the stanchions are...
2.The stanchion caps are welded to the top...
3. Each base plate is fixed to a concrete column base by two...
4. This means that they extend over the profiled sheet...
5. The frames are placed between end walls and spaced...
V.Составьте предложения из следующих слов и словосочетаний:
1.the stanchions, the roof, beyond, beams, distance, a, cantilever, short.
2. the beams, the stanchions, carry.
3. of, frames, three, the single- storey structure, consists.
VI. а) Выделите ядро из следующего предложения по схеме:
S-P-(O)-(A)
| Subject → | Predicate → | (Object) → | (Adverbial Modifier) |
| подлежащее | сказуемое | (дополнение) | (обстоятельство) |
или S-Р1Р2-(О) - (А);
| Subject → | Predicate1 Predicate2 → | (Object) → | (Adverbial Modifier) |
| подлежащее | изменяемая неизменяемая часть сказуемого | (дополнение) | (обстоятельство) |
б) переведите ядро данного предложения на русский язык;
в) переведите предложение целиком: These angles tie the frames together and also provide a place to fix the top of the cladding.
VII.Письменно переведите абзац: “Тhe upper face of... two holding –down bolts”.
VIII.Согласитесь или не согласитесь со следующими высказываниями:
1. The stanchions carry the beams.
2. These beams support the roof.
3. The bottom of each stanchion isn't welded to a base plate.
4. The beams aren't bolted to steel stanchion caps.
5. Steel angles are fixed across the ends of the beams and built into the stone walls.
IX. Соедините слова левой колонки с подходящим определением в правой и составьте свои предложения с этими словами:
| 1. stanchion | 1. structural member designed to carry loads between points of support |
| 2. beam | 2. plate to fix a stanchion to a concrete foundation |
| 3. base plate | 3. steel column |
| 4. brick | 4. hand-sized building block, mostly made from clay |
| 5. cantilever | 5. structure with no support at one end or on one side |
X. Выделите ключевые предложения абзацев.
XI. Определите тему текста и сформулируйте его идею.
XII. Письменно кратко изложите содержание текста на русском языке.
XIII. Задайте 10 вопросов к тексту.
XIV. Перескажите текст.
Текст № 7
I. Найдите в словаре русские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений, которые понадобятся вам для работы с текстом, и выучите их: belt, to extend, excessive, ventilation, layout, benefit, storey, penetration, latitude, to reduce, to radiate, surface, to permit, intensity, approximately.
II. С помощью словаря переведите следующие словосочетания и составьте с ними собственные предложения, не прибегая к помощи текста: warm-humid climates, a climatic zone, outer space, heat storing materials, hot-dry climates, high intensity.
III. Прочитайте, устно переведите и предложите свое название текста. Обоснуйте свой выбор:
The tropical regions of the earth can be divided into three major climatic zones:
1. Warm-humid climates are found in a belt near the Equator extending to about 150 north and south. There is very little seasonal variation throughout the year. The air temperature is never excessive, but there is considerable rainfall during most of the year. Relative humidity (RH) is excessively high- at about 75 % for most of the time, but it may vary from 55 % to almost 100 % (RH should not exceed 70 % for human comfort).
In this climate the rooms of houses must have adequate shade and ventilation. Usually houses have an open layout so they can gain maximum benefit from the prevailing wind. Walls have less importance here than in other climates. They are used primarily for screening from insects and for their wind penetration qualities.
2. Hot-dry climates are found in two belts of latitude between approximately 150 and 300 north and south of the Equator. Two marked seasons occur: a hot and a slightly cooler period. Day-time air temperatures are excessively hot (normally higher than the 310 С to 340 С skin temperature), but at night it may fall as much as 350 С. During the day there is too little cloud cover to reduce the high intensity of direct solar radiation. However, at night the clear skies permit a considerable amount of heat to be reradiated to outer space.
In this climate houses must give adequate protection against the excessive heat of the sun. Usually they have compact layouts, so that surfaces exposed to the sun are reduced as much as possible. Walls should be very thick and made of heat storing materials so they hold the heat of the day and give it back to the interior of the house at night.
3. Composite or monsoon climates are found in large land masses near the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Two seasons occur normally. Approximately two-thirds of the year is hot-dry and the other third is warm-humid. Consequently, houses designed to be suitable for one season may be unsuitable for the crther. To solve this problem houses are sometimes built two storeys high. The ground floor is built with excessively thick walls. These retain the heat so that it is warm enough to sleep comfortably on the ground floor during the coolest part of the year. The first floor structure is built with much lighter materials. This structure cools quickly at night so that it is cool enough to sleep comfortably on the first floor during the hottest part of the year.
IV. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: сезонное колебание, соответствующий, относительная влажность (воздуха), сохранять, господствующий ветер, солнечная радиация, чрезмерно, защита, внутренняя сторона, муссонный климат, насекомое, тень, первый этаж, прикрывать, изменяться.
V. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова и
выражения: the year, ventilation, climates, wind, materials.
1. Walls have less importance here than in other...
2. In this climate the rooms of houses must have adequate shade and...
3. Walls should be very thick and made of heat storing...
4. Usually houses have an open layout so they can gain maximum benefit from the prevailing...
5. There is very little seasonal variation throughout...
VI. Составьте предложения из следующих слов:
1. period, two, cooler, marked, slightly, seasons, a, occur, a hot, and.
2. of, the year, is, there, rainfall, during, considerable, most.
3. ventilation, this, in, of, the rooms, climate, must, shade, have, and, adequate, houses.
4. seasonal, is, little, very, there, the year, throughout, variation.
5. radiation, during, solar, the day, direct, of, is, too, there, cloud, little, cover, the high, intensity, to reduce.
VII. a) Выделите ядро из следующего предложения по схеме:
S-P-(O)-(A)
| Subject → | Predicate → | (Object) → | (Adverbial Modifier) |
| подлежащее | сказуемое | (дополнение) | (обстоятельство) |
или S-Р1Р2-(О) - (А);
| Subject → | Predicate1 Predicate2 → | (Object) → | (Adverbial Modifier) |
| подлежащее | изменяемая неизменяемая часть сказуемого | (дополнение) | (обстоятельство) |
б) переведите ядро данного предложения на русский язык;
в) переведите предложение целиком: Walls have less importance here than in other climates.
VIII. Письменно переведите абзац: “Ноt-dry climates... to outer space”.
IX. Согласитесь или не согласитесь со следующими высказываниями. Обоснуйте свое мнение, пользуясь текстом:
1. There isn't very little seasonal variation throughout the year.
2. In warm-humid climates the rooms of houses must have adequate shade and ventilation.
3. Walls have more importance here than in other climates.
4. In monsoon climates houses designed to be suitable for all seasons.
5. Two seasons occur normally.
X. Найдите в тексте слова, которые соответствуют следующим определениям, и в соответствии с прочитанным текстом письменно составьте с ними предложения:
- to separate
- the universe beyond the earth's atmosphere
- comparative
- quantity
- right for the occasion or purpose.
XI. Каждое слово в английском языке имеет несколько значений, которые зависят от контекста и ситуации, в которых оно применяется, также оно может быть как глаголом, так и существительным, поэтому Вам предлагаются следующие задания:
- пользуясь англо-русским словарем, изучите статьи о словах “to extend”, “latitude”;
- выпишите сложные слова и производные, приведенные в статьях;
- укажите количество определений, приведенных в статьях;
- выпишите из текста предложения с данными словами и
укажите, какое из значений они имеют в данном тексте.
XII. Соедините слова левой колонки с подходящим определением в правой и составьте свои предложения с этими словами:
| 1. climate | 1. make less,make smaller,change to another form |
| 2. prevailing wind | 2. almost the same as, very near |
| 3. to reduce | 3. place, part of the world |
| 4. approximate | 4. direction from which a wind most frequently comes |
| 5. region | 5. weather condition of a place or area |
