Topic: Introduction. Science and research. The concept of science. Basic concepts and definitions of scientific research

The purpose of this lesson is to get acquainted with the basic concepts

 

Lesson Plan:

1. The concept of science.

2. Role of society in development.

3. Purpose of scientific research.

 

Rapidly growing needs of the society require continuous improvement of their knowledge. To this end, recommendations are made from the modernization of technologies and methods. Massive performance of such works can only be achieved by qualified professionals in creative activities. In this regard, the subject of "Research methods and innovations in processing industries" is included in the curricula of technical higher education institutions.

A modern specialist, regardless of the field of his work, can not move forward. The most up-to-date technologies are available in any modern enterprise system.

One of the most important peculiarities of modern scientific and technical progress is the development of scientific and technological innovation in the agro-industrial complex. The differences between project owners and researchers are gradually diminishing. The ability to carry out scientific research is a very important one.

In order to make the necessary research, the technologist should be able to plan, analyze and analyze the results. Getting acquainted with all the above issues.

The aim of this course is to help the student to master the methodology of research, to formulate the goals and objectives, to make theoretical background, to compare theoretical assumptions; make reports on the results of research, report or write articles. When preparing for research and defense, it is desirable to focus on research materials. The main issues include a list of basic and additional literature, as well as tasks for self-employment.

Science is a productive force of the society, a natural process of law, society and thinking, as well as special operations that have been created and developed as a result of the objective knowledge and theoretical systems.

Science can be viewed in various dimensions:

1) as a special kind of social consciousness, a system of knowledge;

2) as a process of recognition of the law of the objective world;

3) as a special type of social work;

4) as one of the most important factors of social development and as a process of education and use.

All knowledge can not be considered as science. It is impossible to recognize the science of a person.

This knowledge plays a significant role in the lives of people, but they are unable to explain the essence of the phenomenon, their relationship, why they are moving, and further development. The accuracy of scientific knowledge is primarily by its experience.

Without any logical justification and experimental verification, one or another position is definitely ignored, so the scientific knowledge is fundamentally different from blind belief.

Explaining the constant relationships of the truth, science shows the abstract concepts and drawings that strictly correspond to reality.

The main peculiarity of science and its main function is knowledge of the objective world. Science is designed to expose the essential aspects of nature, society, and all phenomena of thought.

The objective of the subject is to understand the objective of the objective.

Tasks of science:

1) collect, describe, analyze, summarize and explain the facts;

2) the discovery of laws of nature, society, thinking and cognition;

3) Systematization of obtained knowledge;

4) explanation of phenomena and processes;

5) forecasting events, phenomena and processes;

6) the use of received knowledge.

 

Lecture # 1Topic: Introduction. Science and research. The concept of science. Basic concepts and definitions of scientific research. The purpose of this lesson is to get acquainted with the basic concepts Lesson Plan:1. The concept of science.2. Role of society in development.3. Purpose of scientific research. Rapidly growing needs of the society require continuous improvement of their knowledge. To this end, recommendations are made from the modernization of technologies and methods. Massive performance of such works can only be achieved by qualified professionals in creative activities. In this regard, the subject of "Research methods and innovations in processing industries" is included in the curricula of technical higher education institutions.A modern specialist, regardless of the field of his work, can not move forward. The most up-to-date technologies are available in any modern enterprise system.One of the most important peculiarities of modern scientific and technical progress is the development of scientific and technological innovation in the agro-industrial complex. The differences between project owners and researchers are gradually diminishing. The ability to carry out scientific research is a very important one.In order to make the necessary research, the technologist should be able to plan, analyze and analyze the results. Getting acquainted with all the above issues.The aim of this course is to help the student to master the methodology of research, to formulate the goals and objectives, to make theoretical background, to compare theoretical assumptions; make reports on the results of research, report or write articles. When preparing for research and defense, it is desirable to focus on research materials. The main issues include a list of basic and additional literature, as well as tasks for self-employment.Science is a productive force of the society, a natural process of law, society and thinking, as well as special operations that have been created and developed as a result of the objective knowledge and theoretical systems.Science can be viewed in various dimensions:1) as a special kind of social consciousness, a system of knowledge;2) as a process of recognition of the law of the objective world;3) as a special type of social work;4) as one of the most important factors of social development and as a process of education and use.All knowledge can not be considered as science. It is impossible to recognize the science of a person.This knowledge plays a significant role in the lives of people, but they are unable to explain the essence of the phenomenon, their relationship, why they are moving, and further development. The accuracy of scientific knowledge is primarily by its experience.Without any logical justification and experimental verification, one or another position is definitely ignored, so the scientific knowledge is fundamentally different from blind belief.Explaining the constant relationships of the truth, science shows the abstract concepts and drawings that strictly correspond to reality.The main peculiarity of science and its main function is knowledge of the objective world. Science is designed to expose the essential aspects of nature, society, and all phenomena of thought.The objective of the subject is to understand the objective of the objective.Tasks of science:1) collect, describe, analyze, summarize and explain the facts;2) the discovery of laws of nature, society, thinking and cognition;3) Systematization of obtained knowledge;4) explanation of phenomena and processes;5) forecasting events, phenomena and processes;6) the use of received knowledge.

The purpose of the theoretical study is to maximally maximize the observed phenomena, the relationship between them, first of all, from the hypothesis of the many consequences of the accepted work. In other words, theoretical studies should develop an analytical hypothesis and lead to the development of the theory of the problem being studied, that is, to achieve a common scientific knowledge within the framework of this problem. This theory needs to be able to explain and predict facts and phenomena that are relevant to the subject matter. The key factor here is the practice.

4. Experimental studies. Experimental or scientific practice is the most complex and time-consuming stage of technical research. The purpose of the experiment is different. It depends on the nature of the research and the way it is conducted. The normal development of the experiment is followed by theoretical research. In this case, the experiments confirm or refute the results of theoretical researches.

However, the study mode is often different: the experiment is conducted before theoretical study. This is typical of search experiments, and is not uncommon in the absence of sufficient theoretical base of research. Through this procedure, theory explains and summarizes the experimental results.

5. Analysis and comparison of results. The result of comparing experimental and theoretical studies is the final confirmation of the hypothesis and the need to modify the hypothesis or the resulting consequences. In a rare case, the negative result may not be accepted by the hypothesis.

6. Main conclusions. At this stage, the results of the study are summarized, ie the results and their compliance with the task. For theoretical research, this stage is final. There is one more stage for most of the work in the field of technology.

7. Learning Outcomes. The period of preparation for the industrialization of the obtained results requires the participation of researchers in the development of technological or project design principles, often incompatible with the net engineering development framework. Of course, the structure of the research has several graphic features, and in large, serious studies, individual stages can be repeated, the sequence may vary, but these stages remain in the research.

 

Control questions

1. Specify the main stages accompanying the process of performing theoretical and applied research

2. Describe the main features of the classification research work system.

3. The purpose of the theoretical research

 

 

Lecture # 3Theme: Methodological basis of scientific knowledge and creativity Purpose of the lesson: Get acquainted with methodological bases of scientific knowledge and creativityLesson Plan:1. Concept of scientific knowledge.2. Methods of theoretical and empirical research.3. Elements of theory and technique of scientific-technical creativity. Table of contents. Concept of scientific knowledge.Methodology is a logical organization structure, methods and tools of operation (sequence of construction principles, forms and methods of research). Scientific research and its methodology. The methodology of the science methodology is the idea of ​​the research component - its object, the subject of the analysis, the task of research (or question), a set of tools for the solution of this type of problem, as well as the idea of ​​the sequence of research in solving the problem.The most important issue of the methodology is the concept of the problem, the creation of the research topic, the formation of the scientific theory, and the results of its research from the point of view.Methodology (method of science), structure, logical organization, methods and means of service. The methodology (H) is a necessary component of all activities in that broad sense, because it is a form of informatization, training and rationalization.Methodological knowledge arises in the form of recipes and norms, which are the content and sequence of certain types of activities (normative M) and the characteristics of practically practiced activities (description M.). In both cases, the main function of this knowledge is the internal organization and regulation of the cognitive process or the actual change of the object. Methodology in modern literature is primarily the method of scientific knowledge, ie doctrine about the principles of construction, forms and methods of scientific and cognitive activity.Science methodology forms the idea of ​​the components of the research component - its object, subject matter, research task (or problem), the set of research tools needed to solve this problem, as well as the idea of ​​the sequence of researchers' movement in solving the problem.The most important issues in using the methodology are the concept of the problem (often there are methodological errors, which hinder the removal of fraudulent issues or obtaining results), the construction of the research topic and the scientific theory, as well as the verification of its effectiveness, correspondence.General education is a manifestation of the mind. Depending on the subject of recognition, as well as the type and methods of their education, they are simple, mythical, religious, philosophical, scientific, etc. distributed.Scientific knowledge occupies a special place among these types of knowledge. Concepts and recommendations are scientific when they are obtained through specific scientific methods and are proven in practice. The process of such education is called scientific knowledge. From this point of view, phenomena and laws of science and society should be viewed as a system of scientific concepts, which can be the theoretical basis of practical transformation for the benefit of the whole society.The product of scientific research is scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge is studied only when a specific goal is set, reliable experimental data on the investigated phenomena are obtained, systematization and processing allow to identify the rule of law, to make logically sound and motivated conclusions and to form new scientific approaches.Scientific knowledge is based on logical reality, argumentation, productivity, productivity, errors and overcoming contradictions.The properties of scientific knowledge: regularity, objectivity, personality, orientation to practical realization of results of learning, etc.Methods of theoretical and empirical research. Scientific knowledge is a complex picture of the world, so nature can not be structurally simple. The structure of the scientific education has two levels or periods of research: empirical and theoretical.Empirical and theoretical knowledge differs not only by means, but also by methods of research:- empirical research, basic methods - real experiment and actual control, as well as methods of empirical description of the maximum directed on objective characteristics of the investigated phenomena;- based on theoretical research: idealization (method of creating an ideal object); Idealized thinking thinking experiment (such as replacement of specific experiments with specific objects); special methods of the theory (from abstract to actual, axiomatic and hypothetical-deductive methods); logical and historical research methods, etc.The structure of empirical cognition consists of two levels:- Direct observation and experiments, the results of which are the control data;- Cognitive procedures carried out by controlling data from empirical relationships and factsThe theoretical knowledge can be divided into two sub-levels:- concepts that act as theories about the very limited scope of phenomena;- The laws that form the basis of theoretical laws as well as theoretical concepts, including theories of development.As we can see, philosophy of science requires not only philosophical, but also the researcher's special scientific erudition (understanding the peculiarities of the relevant science, its traditions, its activities, etc.). The development of philosophical foundations is a prerequisite for covering new subject areas for science. Epistemology is an important component of experimental research which proves not only theoretical, but also a sufficient fulfillment of the philosophy's significance and its functions.Elements of theory and technique of scientific-technical creativity. Creativity is at a high level, breaks beyond certain limits, and creates a quality new thing. The latter involves the formulation or selection of tasks, the search for the situation and the way to solve them, and as a result - to create a new one.In any field of creative human activity: scientific, industrial and technical, artistic and others. may be.In particular, science is related to knowledge of the surrounding world. Scientific-technical (or simply technical) creativity uses applied goals and directions to meet the practical needs of a person. This is the search and resolution of issues in the field of technology based on the use of scientific advances.In the history of humanity, scientists and inventors have created a new one, using an ineffective method of "pattern and error." Considering many possible variants, they sometimes found the right solution. The more difficult the task is, the higher its creative level, the more possible solutions, the more "samples" should be made.In this regard, the creative results were mostly casual. The first wheel and wheel wheels (about 2,000 years BC) lasted about two millenniums. Nevertheless, in the history of humankind, generally, the period of realization of creative ideas is decreasing. Indeed, when the book's print cartridges (1440) were issued, only a sixteen-century printing machine appeared, for example, the transistor invented in 1948 was only put into effect in 1953.In the era of modern scientific and technological revolution, the need for new high-tech solutions is constantly growing and constantly raises the requirements for productivity, efficiency and quality of creative work. Implementation of this task is possible only on the basis of qualitative reorganization of the thinking style, development of scientific and technical creativity theory and methodology and their practical application. Creativity is, first of all, a phenomenon related to a particular form and features of human mentality, high nervous activity, mental work.Some scholars believe that thinking begins when a problem arises, because of the lack of information, the solution to the problem. Others say that the creative mechanism is not logical, but sensual. A. According to Poincare, "logically proves through intuition." Indeed, emotion will help you to find the right solution.However, if the intuition phenomenon had previously been linked to mystical and supernatural, then it was proven that intuition was materialistic, and was a product of long-term preparation, which resulted from rapid decision-making, accumulation of knowledge. This is, first of all, the achievement of the mind.Thus, the intuition for scholarly work comes as a reward, and the complex mechanism of creative thinking is inherent in intuition and logic. The exceptional creative activity - suddenly the good functioning of the brain - ensures the realization of the situation in the relationships that guarantee the fulfillment of the tasks.The quest for the creative task of a curious and talented scientist is always on the brain, resulting in the most complex tasks that can be solved at the same time, but the information processing is not carried out.

Only the result is displayed in the consciousness (if it is taken). So sometimes, as the researcher is illuminated, a good idea will be sent somewhere else. The complexity of a person's complicated solutions will help to maturity and help the brain to work. One of the creative issues is its motivational structure.

Motivation (waking) is divided into three groups depending on needs: biological, social and ideal (cognitive).

Biological requirements (eg, the principle of the power economy) are the basis for the development of creativity and skill in the world, but can have a sense of self-worth.

Creative motivation among social needs can be material rewards, commitment to respect and respect in society.

The needs of the ideal - recognition needs are broadly accounted. They are caused by the need for information pertaining to all living things, as well as the need for substances and energy. Satisfaction of any needs requires information on ways and means of achieving the goal. But there is a need for information, news, and something unknown. Creative imagination plays a crucial role in the creation of a new and evolving society. The most important form of thinking for creativity is imagination. This ability should be constantly developed, motivated and prepared.

There are three types of fantasy: logical (the future is derived from the modern logical transformation); Difficult (critical) (looking for something imperfect in the current system and wants to change it); creativity (based on the elements of reality, but without the existence of prototypes in the real world, creates new ideas and needs).

Activating creative thinking means knowing the factors that are adversely affected. Such factors include the lack of flexibility in thinking, the power of habits, the smallest practical approach, excessive specialization, the power of influence, the threat of criticism, fear of failure, a very high self-criticism, laziness.

Contrary to creative imagination - to act in accordance with past experience and knowledge, to apply standard techniques, etc. and psychological inertia. In this regard, it is necessary to make technical tasks and to avoid the negative effects of its creativity in a variety of ways, with the purpose of creative imagination development.

Creative person has a number of peculiarities, most likely to focus on any question or issue and keep it for a long time. This is one of the most important conditions for success in any service. It is impossible to achieve creative achievement without commitment.

 

Control questions

1. What is scientific knowledge?

2. What is his concept?

3. Identify the basic knowledge of empirical methods of scientific knowledge.

4. Based on the theoretical knowledge of scientific knowledge?

5. What are the general methods of determining empirical and theoretical knowledge?

Lecture 4Theme: Organizational, research and scientific-methodologicalplanning of works. Purpose of the lesson: Formation of knowledge on planning of research and scientific-methodological work. Lesson Plan:1. Goals and objectives of the research activity.2. Organization, planning and implementation of scientific research.3. Interrelation and unity of educational and scientific processes.Table of contents. Goals and objectives of scientific research (NIS).The current situation and the economic situation in the country require dynamic development, new methodological approaches, organizational forms, new incentives, accumulation, analysis and implementation of the research system. Scientific research should serve for the formation of professionals as creative individuals capable of adequately and effectively solving problems arising at this stage of society's development.The restructuring of the structure and content of vocational education, as well as the new requirements for the level of knowledge of the specialists and the competitive ability of them to arise in the modern society contribute to the need to improve the research and scientific-methodological work as one of the components of the educational process.Research work in higher education institutions is carried out with the aim of effective training of specialists, scientific and pedagogical staff, effective use of educational, scientific, technical and innovative potential at the level of modern qualification requirements:- involvement of scientific and pedagogical staff into the scientific activity promoting the development of the university as a single educational, scientific and innovative complex;- provision of highly qualified scientific and pedagogical staff and scientific training of the teaching staff, development of scientific creativity of students and young specialists, and attraction of the most talented and talented staff of the University educational and scientific activity;

According to the above principles, the following tasks are set:

1. Development of scientific partnership with foreign partners, with universities, scientific organizations.

2. ensuring interaction of scientific and educational processes in the educational process, support and development of student science, use of research and scientific and technical bases in educational process;

3. Effective use of the scientific potential of the University to solve topical problems of the country's education system development;

4. identification of priority research areas, their theoretical development and practical implementation, work with the university and other educational institutions;

5. ensuring the unity of goals, content and forms of scientific, educational, creative and educational work;

6. To train and improve the quality of education through the active involvement of students in the learning process and the results of their research;

7. Increasing the academic qualifications of the teaching staff through various forms of professional development;

8. Coordination of scientific research with scientific works of other interested organizations, educational and scientific institutions.

Organization, planning and implementation of research work.

Research work is carried out with the teaching staff of the University in the main working time, in accordance with individual plans; are provided with curricula in student scientific groups, as well as course and other scientific works. Research can be carried out on the basis of coordination with the work of other educational institutions, research institutions, organizations, associations and other structures.

Research work is carried out under the guidance of the rectorate, scientifically-methodical council of the university - Scientific Council and public organization. The university independently carries out planning of current and forthcoming scientific activity. Planning of scientific researches is carried out in accordance with the main scientific directions of the University. The scientific directions are developed on the basis of the profile of professional training, personnel, material and financial possibilities. The institute uses program-targeted methods of organization of scientific researches. The main efforts of the teachers are aimed at the implementation of a large institute, faculty, departmental complex themes. The content and the nature of the research work of faculties and departments are determined by their profile.

The Scientific Council of the Institute considers the results of implementation of research plans annually and makes a decision on the development of the most actual and perspective directions of research, as well as the termination of scientific and scientific-methodical work that does not lead to concrete results.

The head of the topic is responsible for the quality and timing of work. Responsible for the implementation of the research plan of the University: the head of the department, the dean of the faculty and the pro-rector on scientific work.

In order to increase the effectiveness of research activities, it is possible to create organizational forms in the established order, temporarily creative teams, scientific and creative associations and centers in order to reduce the time of work and performance of the university.

Interrelation and unity of educational and scientific processes.

The integration of educational process and science is carried out in the following ways:

- Students work in the scientific community, develop practical results and implement them in practice;

- training of specialists on the basis of the latest achievements of scientific and technical progress and socio-economic needs to the new level specialists;

- involvement of students in the implementation and implementation of research and development technical works at the expense of the state budget and agreements with consumers;

- Modern methods of research and measurement, using the scientific units on different forms of active scientific works: degree and course design, teaching and production practice, use of scientific equipment and computer technologies in educational process;

- development and implementation of educational process of new teaching aids, training and simulator equipment, laboratory equipment, lecture courses, computer textbooks and practical lessons;

- Creation of educational and scientific centers in the scientific laboratory of the Academy, carrying out of research work.

Control questions:

1. What are the responsibilities of scientific research (R & D)?

2. What is the direction of scientific research?

3. How is integration of educational and scientific processes carried out?

 

Lecture # 5