Purpose of the lesson: Studying the stages of scientific research

Lesson Plan:

1. Types and directions of scientific research.

2. Stages of scientific research.

 

Table of contents. Types and directions of scientific research.

The purpose of scientific research is to introduce the results and practice in practice, based on the principles and methods of knowledge acquired in science, in every direction, object research, process or phenomenon, their structure, relationships and relationships.

Scientific researches are classified:

▪ social production links and the importance of national economy;

▪ for the designated purposes;

▪ sources of funding;

▪ duration of research.

 

Scientific research with the types of public relations is divided into work on the creation of new technological processes, machines, structures, improvement of production efficiency, improvement of working conditions, personality development.

Scientific research is divided into three types: fixed, applied and prepared.

Fundamental studies are aimed at the discovery and study of new phenomena and laws of nature, the creation of new scientific principles. Their goal is to expand society's scientific knowledge, to identify something that can be used in practical human activity. Such studies are conducted on the known and unknown boundaries and have the highest degree of uncertainty.

Applied research aims to find ways to apply the laws of the law, to improve the new methods and methods of human life.

Purpose - to determine how scientific knowledge acquired as a result of radical research will be used in human activities.

Thus, the basis of the scientific course is special science, which is part of a particular science or other scientific field, as well as special research methods and technical means.

Complex issues, themes and scientific questions are the structural subdivisions of the scientific direction.

The complex problem is a set of tasks combined with one purpose; this is a set of complex theoretical and practical issues in society.

From a socio-psychological point of view, the problem is the reflection of the contradiction between knowledge of the social needs of knowledge and the ways in which it can be acquired. The problem arises when human experience is difficult or even "impossible" to achieve the goal.The problem can be global, national, regional, sectoral, interdisciplinary, depending on the range of issues. For example, the nature protection issue is global, because its solution is to meet the general human needs. Apart from the above mentioned issues, they are generalized and clarified. Common scientific, social, and so on issues. attributed to.The topic of the research is an integral part of the problem. Based on the results of the research, answers to some of the scientific questions covering part of the problem are taken. Summarizing the results of answers on a set of themes allows to solve a scientific problem.As a rule, scientific issues are a specific issue of scientific research as a small scientific assignment. The choice of direction, scientific research theme and the formation of scientific issues are a very important task.Specific directions and complex issues of research are formulated in legislative acts of the Government of the country. The focus of the research is that of the scientific institution, which is the working science of the researcher. That is why each individual researcher chooses to choose a science that he wants to work on.The specific feature of the study is the result of social needs and productive resources, public inquiries and research. The results of the study study form the use of the idea of ​​complex research in several scientific fields to solve industrial problems in the research process. It should be noted that it is the most favorable environment for multifaceted research to be made up of research and development schools in various fields of science and technology, with higher education institutions and political institutions, and high school.Long-term research areas are sometimes strategies for researchers or researchers. When choosing a problem, the topic of research is the analysis of the originated areas, the conclusions of the studied areas, the expected outcomes, and then the structure of the problem, the themes set, the questions, the performers and their relevance. It is important to distinguish false points from scientific issues (false, imaginative).Numerous misconceptions are due to the lack of knowledge of researchers, so sometimes problems arise from the findings of previous findings. This leads to unnecessary costs for scientists and resources.At the same time, various scientific teams are involved in the repetition, solving on the basis of competition, in order to develop a particular issue.Each scientific collective (HEI, research institute, department, department) has its own scientific profile, qualifications, competence, which accumulates scientific experience, raises theoretical level of development, improves quality and economic efficiency, and reduces research time. At the same time, science must avoid monopoly, which excludes the competition of ideas and reduces the efficiency of scientific research. An important feature of the topic is the possibility of quickly entering the results into production. It is crucial to make the results widely available, for example, not only at the customer's business, but also in the industry.When the production is delayed or implemented at the same enterprise, the effectiveness of these topics will be substantially reduced. Selection of a theme is carried out through the careful acquaintance with domestic and foreign literary sources of the given specialties. The technique of choosing traditional (profiles) themes in the scientific community is simplified. The role of criticism, discussion, discussion of issues and topics in the collective development of scientific research plays an important role. In the course of discussion, the significance and extent of the new and still unresolved issues are determined differently. It creates favorable conditions for students of various courses in the research work of the University. At the first stage, teachers need to prepare one or two abstracts, consultations, consultations, and specific tasks. It is important to clearly define the responsibilities of the customer (the ministry, the community, etc.) in the selection of applied themes.It should be borne in mind that, in the process of scientific research, due to the changes in production, changes to the customer's requirements are possible. Stages of scientific research.Research is carried out on a specific system. Firstly, the topic itself is formulated as a result of a general introduction to the problem within which a preliminary feasibility study (feasibility study) and feasibility study (TA) are prepared.In the first part of the article, the reasons for the development of the feasibility study, the level of previous research and the results of the shorter literary reviews are described. Special attention is paid to the unresolved issue, substantiation and importance of the country's industrial and national economy. Such overview allows you to describe methods of solution, tasks and stages of research, and determine the ultimate goal of the topic. This topic includes identifying patents and compliance compliance licenses.

At the stage of feasibility studies, the scope of the use of expected results of scientific research and development, their practical implementation in the industry, and predictable economic effectiveness during the application of new technologies will be determined. In addition to economic effect, the expected social and economic feasibility results (productivity growth, product quality, safety and industrial sanitation, labor and environmental protection).

Based on the results of the feasibility study, the conclusions on the feasibility and necessity of R & D are required and necessary.

Feasibility study is approved by the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

After approving the feasibility study, the purpose and objectives of the study are specified. The bibliographical list of domestic and foreign literature, scientific and technical reports will be compiled on the topics of various organizations in the relevant profile, summarized in the literature and, if necessary, defines the abstracts, phenomena, processes, topics that should include specific research, and research methods (experimental theoretical and etc.).

The purpose of the theoretical researches is to study the essence of the physical subject. As a result, mathematical models are developed based on the physical model and the results obtained thus are preliminary. Prior to the experimental research, concrete tasks will be developed, the methods and programs of the experiment will be selected. Its effectiveness depends on the choice of measuring instruments. In addressing these issues, you need to follow the Guidelines and GOSTs. Accepted methodological decisions are made in the form of guidelines for experiments. After the development of the research methods, the work plan is developed and reflects the volume, methods, techniques, time and intensity of the experimental work.

After completion of the theoretical and experimental studies, a general analysis of results is made, the hypothesis is compared to the experimental results. The analysis of the theoretical models contradictions.

Additional experiments are required if necessary. Then the scientific and production conclusions are made and the scientific and technical report is prepared.

The next step in the development of the theme is to introduce the results of research into production and to determine their actual economic effectiveness.

Implementation of fundamental and applied scientific research into production is usually carried out in the design and development work. Including the formulation of the topic: goals and objectives of development; Reading literature; preparation for technical design (development of schemes by calculation and calculation of technical design options); production of individual units, their integration into the system; technical project approval and feasibility study. After that, the project will be implemented (detailed project study); prototype is made; it is tested, clarified and corrected; stand and production control. After that, the prototype ends (analysis of production controls, replacement and alteration of individual units).

Successful implementation of the above working stages will allow the State Control to be modeled, resulting in the serial production. Developers also control and advise.

Implementation into production will result in the establishment of a cost-effectiveness study.

 

Control questions:

1. What is the purpose of scientific research?

2. Classification of scientific research.

3. Stages of scientific research.

4. What is the purpose of the theoretical research?

5. The essence of scientific research.

 

 

Lecture # 6Theme: Scientific and technical, patent information.Purpose of the lesson: Research and analysis of scientific and technical information. Lesson Plan:1. Scientific and technical information and its search.2. Research and analysis of scientific and technical information.3. Analysis of the information to be processedScientific and technical information and its search.Without a scientific bibliography, research may be wrong. Any research work begins with the search for scientific and technical information for the direction of the study. Different documents that transmit scientific and technical information:• Books (textbooks, manuals, monographs, brochures);• periodicals of institutes (magazines, bulletins, works), scientific collections;• Regulatory documents (standards, specifications, guidelines, statutory schedules, temporary guidelines, etc.);• Catalogs and price lists• patent documentation;• research and development reports;• Information editions (NAS - scientific technical information collections, analytical reviews, newsletters, operative information, exhibition brochures, etc.);Translations and originals of foreign scientific and technical literature;• Candidate's dissertation, abstracts;Materials of scientific and technical conferences and production meetings;• Additional documents (abstracts, bibliographical catalogs, abstract journals, etc.)These documents constitute a huge amount of information flows, and their rates are increasing year by year.In this case, the streams of up and down streams differ. The high inflow of information is directed to the registration authorities of performers (research institutes, universities, etc.). Bibliographic, survey, abstract and other data types in the bottom direction - are sent to the performers on request.It is characteristic of information ("aging"). Information about the rapid growth of new scientific and technical information is "outdated". According to foreign research, the rate of data reduction ("aging") is 10% for newspapers per day, 10% per month for magazines, and 10% for books per year. That's why the new, improved, scientific search for solving a specific topic in a large stream of information is a challenge not only for a researcher, but also for a large team. Searching for the necessary information is a creative process, hence its complicated formulation, automation.Information search is a set of search engines that are required for the development of the selected topic. It can be manually, mechanically, mechanized and automated. Manual search is carried out with typical bibliographic cards, card indexes and printed indexes.Mechanical search information is a carrier's card. Mechanized search counter is used on the machine, and automated - on the computer. Information-searching systems use different versions of information search language.To achieve optimal search results, the developer (or developer) of the theme needs to share in a certain degree. When you search, the developer will verify the search arrays and generate an information request. In any industry, transport, education, science, etc. modern universal information source is the global Internet-information network (hereinafter - the Internet). This network allows users to access various information resources and answer the following questions:How to find the required information object in an automated mode?How can I use it on a remote computer or transfer it to a computer?What software can accept?In this case, an Internet user can access information resources of other networks, depending on the availability of gateways.Internet Information Resources - A complete set of information technologies and databases that are accessible through these technologies and is constantly updated.This set includes, for example, the FTR file archive system.▪ database DBWW;▪Gopher databases;▪ WAIS databases and more.

The FTP file archiving system is an expanded repository of potential information accumulated over the last 10-15 years. Its services are accessible to any user, and you can download materials that are of interest to them. Easy access to most news archives The Internet WorldWideWeb (WWW - The World Wide Web) provides a hypertext information system. It allows you to select multiple interfaces for this technology, press the mouse button on the desired word or graphic area.

There are many different directories on the WWW that allow you to browse the Internet.

One of the main advantages of WWW is the multifunctional functionality of information retrieval - one page of WWW can simultaneously view text and images, sound and animation.

WWW is the best way to work with your information. The idea of ​​hierarchical catalogs is the basis of the Gopher distributed information system interfaces. It is a simple and reliable, secure system. WAIS has a distributed information search engine.

It is based on the principle of information search using logical queries based on the use of keywords. The user can view WAIS servers to search for documents that satisfy their queries.

Research and analysis of scientific and technical information.

Studying and analysis of scientific and technical information is the basis for determining the status of the issue, which is based on the research goals and objectives.

You need to comply with a number of conditions to achieve effective processing (research, memory, and analysis).

The first condition is setting up, that is, the purpose of learning. This psychological factor stimulates thinking, helps to understand what is being studied, and makes the perception more precise. In this case, the scientist dedicates himself to "a certain wave".

The next condition is inspiration. It is based on a creative approach and improves information processing efficiency. In order to ensure a qualitative research of information, it is necessary to focus and pay close attention. During the exercise it is important to draw attention to the different types of openings (noise, speech, thoughts, etc.) and to avoid fatigue.

Labor independence is an important factor in the success of information. Significant circumstances in studying literature are perfection and regularity. This is particularly difficult when reading a challenging new text. To understand the material, read and repeat it.

The processing of information depends largely on intellectual ability. Necessary conditions for its improvement are the proper mode of operation. After every 1-2 hours, relaxation of the central nervous system, exercise, deep breathing, etc. It is recommended to take a break for 5-7 minutes.In the development of scientific and technical information is used, annotation, synonym used. Excerpt is a short (full) content of personal information. Their cost is very high, allowing them to collect a lot of information in small quantities and is the basis of further creative activity.Abstract is the compressed content of the original information. With the help of which you can quickly recover text in the memory.Abstract - Detailed description of source information. It should contain content in its entirety and volume. The abstract should be written in your own words, it requires understanding and analysis of what is read and is therefore very useful in creative work.There are various ways to memorize information: mechanical, meaningful, voluntary, involuntary.• Mechanical method is based on repeating and recalling reads. In this case there is no logical connection between the individual elements of the information stored. So it's the least effective, mostly dates, formulas, quotation marks, foreign words, and more. to remember.• A semantic method is based on remembering logical connections between individual elements of information processing. In reading, you need to understand the general text, its meaning, and its meaning, not individual elements. This way of remembering is logical-sensitive, which is a few times more effective than mechanical ones.• Voluntary memory is based on various mnemonic methods associated with community law.• It is based on the occasional memory of a certain fragment of the text, depending on the emotions that arise in the learning process.It should be noted that there is no universal way of remembering the processed information.

In practice, it is often used in the combination of methods, in some connection with the information part.

The analysis of the information is one of the most important tasks of scientific research. During the analysis it is necessary to classify and systematize their information in the source. Data sources can be systematized in two ways: chronologically and subject to analysis.

In the first case, all the information on the subject is systematized from a scientific point of view. Further, a thorough critical analysis of the relevant (stage) sources is performed at each stage. This should be a high level of erudition and education.

In the second case (thematic analysis), the whole volume of information is systematized on the issues that are being developed.

In addition, other sources of special interest are analyzed separately.

The second version of information analysis is simple and time-consuming. In addition, in this version, an incomplete volume analysis is carried out.

Based on the results of research (research, memory and analysis) of scientific and technical information:

• relevance and novelty of the topic;

Recent advances in the field of theoretical and practical researches on the topic;

Goals and objectives of research;

production proposals on the topic;

• Technical, economic and environmental relevance of scientific developments

Therefore, search and development of scientific and technical information (research, memorization and analysis) are the main objectives of scientific research. Based on their findings, they determine the relevance and novelty of the topic, its goals and objectives.

 

Control questions:

1. Which documents are the carrier of scientific and technical information?

2. How is searching for information?

3. How to find an information form in an automated mode?

4. Ways to memorize information

 

Lecture # 7Topic: Patent Information.Purpose of the lesson: Study and analysis of patent information. Lesson Plan:1. Patent function and concept of the rights of the patent holder.2. Patent Information Patent Function and Patent Owner's Rights, Patent InformationIntellectual Property - Creation of Man's Thoughts: inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, drawings and templates used in the trade.Intellectual Property is divided into two categories: industrial property, including inventions (trademarks), trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications of origin; copyright, including literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical pieces; paintings, paintings, sculptures, as well as architectural works.Industrial Property:Inventions (patents). Trademarks. Industrial models.Geographical indications.Article 6 of the Paris Convention. Copyright and Related Rights:Copyright. Related Rights. Collective copyright management is an intellectual property representative.Patent is an exclusive right to the invention, which can be either a product or a new way of introducing a new technical solution to the problem.The patent grants the proprietor of the invention protection.Protection is limited for a limited period, usually 20 years.Patents encourage people to identify their creative assets and material assets for commercial use. This stimulus promotes the continuous improvement of people's quality of life and encourages innovation.Patent protection means that the invention is not used, distributed, or sold in any commercial scope without the consent of the patent holder. These patent rights are generally protected in a judicial system that prevents patent infringement on most systems.Conversely, after a third party's claim, the court may declare a patent void.During the protection of the invention, the patent owner has the right to decide who can not use or not use the patented invention. The holder of a patent shall have the right to authorize or license other person's invention on mutually agreed terms. In addition, the proprietor of the patent may sell the rights to that invention to others, who are the proprietor of the new patent.After the expiration of the patent, the invention moves to the public domain, that is, the owner of the proprietor is open to other persons, the patent owner does not have the right to the invention.Patents encourage individuals to give them creative recognition and material compensation for commercial exploitation of inventions. These incentives are constantly improving the quality of people 's life, providing incentives for innovation. Patented inventions come in almost every field of human life, from electric lighting (patents Edison and Swan) and plastic (patented host Beechland) to ballpoint pens (patent owner Biro) and microprocessors (eg Intel patented).All patent owners are required to disclose information about the invention in order to enrich the wealth of a common technical education through the exchange of patent protection.Thus, patents do not only protect the proprietor, but also have valuable information and inspiration for future generations of researchers and inventors.The process of granting patents has its own peculiarities. The first step in obtaining a patent is to file a patent application.Generally, the patent application contains the subject matter of the invention as well as the technical area to which it relates; a person who has a secondary education in that area can use or produce the invention; in a fluent, linguistic, and descriptive manner.Descriptions typically accompany visual aids, such as drawings, drawings, diagrams that can help you better understand the essence of the invention. The application has different "requirements", ie information that defines the scope of protection granted by the patent.Generally, for the purpose of acquiring patent protection, the invention must meet the following requirements: should be applied in practice; it should be an element of news. Finally, the subject of the invention should be "patentable" in accordance with the law.In many countries, usually scientific theories and methods of mathematics, plant varieties or animal breeds, detection of natural substances, methods of economic transactions or methods of treatment (but not medical products) are usually not patented.Patent Information. Currently, users are actively working to ensure access to patent information using new technologies. In future there will be an Internet network that will allow replacing existing carriers. Unprotected innovations and technologies can be lost, so intellectual property is important to protect new ideas and develop a market strategy for the creation, protection and use of intellectual property.

ESP @ CENET is one of the tools to broad, freely and conveniently accessible online resources of global patent information. The ESP @ CENET Internet service has a wide range of features, which, despite its age and experience, is an optimal way to access patent information for users of different categories, which reduces innovation risks.

Patent information may be useful, and in some cases patent studies require a prerequisite.

Patent Information is a free valuable source of confidential information for bibliographic data, as well as the legal status of the documents, the definition of the technology, the market of competitive products and technologies, search for competitors, partners and investors.

There are methods of conducting such research and tools (for citations, patent clusters, patent cards, etc.) so that you can imagine the results. Patent information is useful for SMEs (SMEs) for various reasons. Perhaps the most important thing is that patents are a unique source of technical information that can be considered as a strategic business planning, value-added to SMEs.

For many inventions, the patent is first publicly disclosed (or, if provided for by the law, patent application) when the patent is issued. Thus patents allow you to know about existing research and existing innovations before the emergence of innovative products on the market.

The technical information contained in the patent documentation will allow SMEs to use sensitive data and avoid excessive, unnecessary costs.

Licensing and Technology Evaluation Finding alternative technologies, achieving the level of technology development in education, finding solutions for technical issues, finding ideas for further innovation.

In terms of commercial strategy, patent information can help you find business partners, find suppliers and materials, track your real and potential competitors, and find a suitable market. Finally, the use of information contained in patent documents by SMEs does not infringe offenses.

Thus, a patent is a unique source of technical information that is considered to be of great value to the invention and the strategic business planning in the business.

Control questions:

1. The essence of intellectual property.

2. Patent process.

3. The usefulness of patent information.

 

Lecture # 8