History

— Vocabulary

To provide food – снабжать едой

to build a shelter – строить укрытие

to perform other jobs – выполнять другие работы

manual training – занятие трудом

mechanical arts – ремесла

apprenticeships – обучение (ремеслу)

blacksmithing – кузнечное дело

carpentry – плотничное дело

metal-turning shops – лавка по точению металла

unemployed young men – безработные молодые люди

federal funds to train un­employed adults – федеральные союзы по обучению совершеннолетних безработных

disabled people – нетрудоспособные люди

disadvantaged – малоимущие, неимущие

to avoid sex discrimination in professional education – избегать дискриминацию по признаку пола в профессиональном образовании.

coeducational – обучение лиц обоего пола

overcoming sex bias in professional education – предотвращение предвзятого отношения в профессиональном образовании по признаку пола

professional train­ing opportunities for disadvantaged students – возможности профессионального образования для малоимущих студентов.

to establish shop courses – учредить специальные курсы

modeled on Delia Vos's system – смоделированный по системe Дели Воса.

on-the-job – без отрыва от производства

Professional education began in ancient times. Parents and other adults taught children how to provide food, build a shelter, and perform other jobs. Through the centuries, the apprenticeship system of training devel­oped. Under this system, a young person learned a craft or trade by working under a skilled master.

Early professional education in schools. During the 1800’s, schools began to offer professional education under such names as manual training and mechanical arts. The Morrill Act of 1862 provided for the establish­ment of certain colleges and universities to teach agri­culture and mechanical arts.

In 1868, a Russian educator named Victor Della Vos designed several courses by which schools could teach skilled trades formerly learned through apprenticeships. Della Vos, the director of the Imperial Technical School in Moscow, established blacksmithing, carpentry, and metal-turning shops there.

Delia Vos's methods spread to the United States in 1876 at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. Two American educators, Calvin M. Woodward and John D. Runkle, saw an exhibition of products made by Russian students. In 1880, Woodward opened the Manual Train­ing School in St Louis, the first school of its kind in the United States. Runkle, the president of the Massachu­setts Institute of Technology, established shop courses there modeled on Delia Vos's system.

The 1900’s during the early 1900s, the U.S. govern­ment officially recognized the need for professional edu­cation. For example, the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 fi­nanced job training in high schools. During the Great Depression of the 1930’s, the federal Civilian Conserva­tion Corps provided on-the-job training for unemployed young men.

During World War II (1939-5945), professional schools operated around the clock to train the millions of work­ers needed for war production. After the war, a govern­ment program called the GI Bill of Rights provided funds for veterans to attend various types of educational institutions. It created a boom for proprietary schools, where veterans learned a variety of skills.

High unemployment during much of the 1960’s and 1970’s brought further government support for professional education. The Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962 furnished federal funds to train un­employed adults. The Professional Education Act of 1963 provided money for new buildings, programs, and teacher training. The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 established the Job Corps. The Professional Education Amendments of 1968 expanded training opportunities for disabled people and the disadvantaged. The Educa­tion Amendments of 1976 required schools receiving federal funds to avoid sex discrimination in professional education. As a result, many automotive, metalworking, plumbing, and other courses became coeducational for the first time.

Two federal acts passed during the 1980s, the Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 and the Carl D. Perkins Professional Education Act of 1985, again stressed the im­portance of overcoming sex bias in professional education classes. Both of these acts expanded the professional train­ing opportunities for disadvantaged students.

? 1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:

Began in ancient times; parents and other adults taught children; the apprenticeship system of training devel­oped; a young person learned a craft or trade; to offer professional education; to teach agri­culture and mechanical arts;

schools could teach skilled trades; of work­ers needed for war production; veterans learned a variety of skills; government support for professional education; provided money for new buildings, programs, and teacher training.

2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.

1. Professional education didn’t begin in ancient times. 2. Parents and other adults taught children how to provide food, build a shelter, and perform other jobs. 3. In 1878, a Russian educator named Victor Della Vos designed several courses by which schools could teach skilled trades formerly learned through apprenticeships. 4. During World War II (1939-5945), professional schools didn’t operate around the clock to train the millions of work­ers needed for war production. 5. After the war, a govern­ment program called the GI Bill of Rights provided funds for veterans to attend various types of educational institutions. 6. Three federal acts passed during the 1980s, the Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 and the Carl D. Perkins Professional Education Act of 1985, again stressed the im­portance of overcoming sex bias in professional education classes.

3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:

1. Through the centuries, the … system of training devel­oped. 2. Under this system, a young person learned a … or … by working under a skilled master. 3. High … during much of the 1960’s and 1970’s brought further government support for professional education. 4. The Professional Education … of 1968 expanded training opportunities for disabled people and the disadvantaged. 5. The Educa­tion Amendments of 1976 required schools receiving federal funds to avoid sex … in professional education. 6. The Manpower … and … Act of 1962 furnished federal funds to train un­employed adults. 7. Two federal acts passed during the 1980s, the Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 and the Carl D. Perkins … … of 1985, again stressed the im­portance of overcoming sex bias in professional education classes.

4. Translate these sentences into your native language:

1. Delia Vos's methods spread to the United States in 1876 at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. 2. Two American educators, Calvin M. Woodward and John D. Runkle, saw an exhibition of products made by Russian students. 3. After the war, a govern­ment program called the GI Bill of Rights provided funds for veterans to attend various types of educational institutions. 4. It created a boom for proprietary schools, where veterans learned a variety of skills. 5. As a result, many automotive, metalworking, plumbing, and other courses became coeducational for the first time. 6. Both of these acts expanded the professional train­ing opportunities for disadvantaged students.