Vocabulary. modification - видоизменение

modification - видоизменение

dramatic - резкий

to induce - индуцировать

various - различный

speed - скорость

size - размер

shape - форма

inner - внутренний

cone - конус

electric field - электрическое поле

flame - пламя

flow rate - скорость потока

flame blow -off - срыв пламени

diffusion flame - диффузионное пламя

premixed flame - пламя предварительно смешанных горючих веществ

to perturb - возмущать

corona discharge - коронный разряд

applied field - приложенное поле

hydrocarbon flame - углеводородное пламя

heat transfer - передача тепла

to simulate - моделировать

DC (direct current) - постоянный ток

external - внешний

to establish - устанавливать

extinction - затухание

to observe - наблюдать

to investigate - исследовать

soot formation - сажеобразование

velocity - скорость

to diminish - уменьшаться

microgravity - микрогравитация

reaction zone - реакционная зона

propane - пропан

voltage - напряжение

applied voltage - приложенное напряжение

ratio - соотношение

pressure - давление

concomitant - сопутствующий

fluid - жидкий, жидкость

pyrometry - пирометрия

laminar flow - ламинарный поток

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. Who published the first report about electric - field - induced –flame – speed modifications?

2. Why can one observe increases in flame blow-off flow rate?

3. Due to what scientific fact has improved heat transfer to solid surfaces been reported?

4. How is soot formation diminished in diffusion flame?

5.

How have the effects of pulsed and continuous direct current electric fields on the reaction zones of premixed propane/air flames been investigated?

Exercise 3. Put questions to the bold-typed words.

1. Kinetic model has been used to simulate microgravity in small diffusion flames.

2. Electric - field - induced modifications of flame geometry have been known for some time.

3. Many aspects of the effects of externally applied fields have been investigated.

4. Increases in flame stability have also been observed at fields sufficient to produce a corona discharge within the flame.

5. Flame extinction limits in premixed flame are also perturbed by DC fields.

6. Bradely provides a good overview of this subject.

7. All observed effects on the flame are dependent on the applied voltage polarity.

8. Experiments characterize the electric-field-induced modifications.

9. Temperature distributions derived from pyrometry measurements in flames were perturbed by continuous direct current field.

10. The resulting electric pressure decreases.

11. A rather large amount of works has been reported on the various effects of electric field on a wide variety of flames.

12. Increased burning velocities for hydrocarbon flames in direct current field have been established.

13. Soot formation in diffusion flame is diminished by application of DC external field.

14. The observed effects require a minimal input of electrical power.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Изменения скорости горения углеводородных пламеней происходит в процессе передачи тепла.

2. В результате изменения температуры плавления на твердой поверхности образуются частицы сажи, которые в дальнейшем коагулируются.

3. Процесс моделирования условий для горения предварительно смешанных пламеней проводился в лабораторных условиях.

4. Увеличение стабильности пламени происходит под действием коронного разряда.

5. Изменения скорости пламени, вызываемые электрическим полем, происходят под действием постоянного тока.

6. Чтобы ускорить процесс получения частиц сажи, используется приложенное поле.

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1.

Electric - field - induced modifications of flame geometry have been recently investigated.

2. Recently we have used a kinetic model to simulate microgravity in small diffusion flames.

3. Similar increases in flame stability have also been observed at fields sufficient to produce a corona discharge within the flame.

4. However, the mechanisms responsible for the dramatic field-induced effects on the size and shape of the inner core of some hydrocarbon flames is still not well understood.

5. Flame extinction limits in premixed flame are also perturbed by DC fields.

6. The effects of pulsed and continuous direct current electric fields on the reaction zones of premixed propane/air flames have been investigated.

7. The observed increases in flame speed can be caused by the flame front wrinkling.

Exercise 6. Guess the concept based on the definition.

1. A hard type of iron that doesn’t bend easily and is shaped by pouring

the hot liquid metal into a mould.

2. A soft metal from which aluminium is obtained.

3. A natural or artificial compound that consists of large molecules that are made from combinations of small simple molecules.

4. The measurement in degrees of how cold or hot a thing or place is.

5. The amount of space that an object or a substance fills.

6. Electrical force which is measured in volts.

Exercise 7. Find andcorrect the mistakes.