The history of electric science development

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

NATIONAL AVIATION UNIVERSITY

A. Protasov, N. Ongirska, V. Eremenko.

ELECTRONIC DEVICES

KYIV 2005

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

NATIONAL AVIATION UNIVERSITY

A. Protasov, N. Ongirska, V. Eremenko.

ELECTRONIC DEVICES

KYIV 2005

UDC 621.38 (042.4)

LBC 3 85-5я73-2

P 93

Reviewed by: Cand.Sci. (Eng), Professor Medvedenko B.I.

Cand.Sci. (Eng), As. Professor Bazenov V.G.

The English Language Consultant: Professor Akmaldinova O.M.

Protasov A.G., Ongirska N.H., Eremenko V.S.

P 93 Electronic Devices: The Course of Lectures/ K.: NAU, 2005. 100p.

The Course of Lectures deals with the problems of semiconductor physics principles. Construction and operation of semiconductor devices.

It is intended for students of the specialties: 0907 " Radio engineering", 0910 "Electronic instruments", 0913 "Metrology and measuring instruments", 1001 " Aviation and cosmonautics" within the English Language Education Project.

Схвалено Науково-методичною радою Інституту ІДС

(протокол № 11 від 10 червня 2004 р.).

Рецензенти: к.т.н., професор Медведенко Б.І.

к.т.н., доцент Баженов В.Г.

Консультант з англійської мови: професор Акмалдінова О.М.

Протасов А.Г., Онгірська Н.Г., Єременко В.С.

П 831 Електронні прилади: Конспект лекцій (англійською мовою).-К.: НАУ, 2005.-100с.

Викладені основи фізики напівпровідників. Розглянуто принцип побудови та функціювання напівпровідникових приладів.

Для студентів напрямів підготовки 0907 "Радіотехніка", 0910 "Електронні апарати", 0913 "Метрологія та вимірювальна техніка", 1001 "Авіація та космонавти-ка", які навчаються англійською мовою.

УДК 621.38 (042.4)

ББК 3 85-5я73-2

Introduction

“Electronic Devices” is the main subject in students training to be experts in electronics. Students need a good knowledge in the solid-state physics, contact phenomenon, and circuit theory to study “Electronic Devices”. The main task of this subject is to teach students to use various tips of modern semiconductors and integrated circuits in different function devices.

CHAPTER 1. Features and stages of electronics Development

The history of electric science development

Long ago ancient Greeks started to use a concept of electricity. They knew that after rubbing an amber against fur or wool it acquired an ability to attract pieces of paper, straw or feathers. The term "electricity" appeared after those experiments because an amber means an electron in Greek.

The first steps in electric science and magnetism were made in the 18-th century. At that time, there were created the electroscope and the Leyden jar (capacitor). The basic electrostatics law was formulated by Charles Augustin Coulomb. The Italian physiologist Luigi Galvany made experiments with killed frogs, and his research into this field helped another Italian scientist Alessandro Volta to create in 1799 the famous Volt's column - a source of electric energy. In 1802 Vasiliy Petrov, a famous Russian physicist, constructed a Volt's column from 2100 galvanic cells, which produced an electromotive force (emf) of about 1700V. Using this emf V. Petrov discovered an electric arc. The Danish physicist Hans Oersted brought to light that an electric current acted on a magnetic pointer (needle). Having discovered this phenomenon he established a new field of physics - electromagnetic. In 1826 the German physicist Georg Ohm deduced the main electric circuit law which united current strength, voltage and resistance in one law.

In 1833 an electromagnetic telegraph was built by the German mathematician K. Gauss and the German physicist V. Veber. The English scientist M. Faraday was the first to rotate a magnet around a current-carrying conductor and vice versa. After those experiments he constructed a model of an electric motor. In 1831 M. Faraday discovered such phenomenon as electromagnetic induction which turned over everything in engineering. He was the first to use a concept of electromagnetic field.

The British physicist James Maxwell formed the electromagnetic field theory in 1860-1865 which was formulated as a system of equations.

The Russian scientist Alexandr Popov invented the radio set and demonstrated it on May 7, 1895.

An outstanding event in science happened in 1897. An electron, a negatively charged microparticle with 9.10^-28 g mass, was discovered. So, the electron discovery and the field concept appearance became a basis for a new world outlook formation.