Transform the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Gerund.

Model: I am sorry that I trouble you. – Excuse me for troubling you.

1. I am sorry that I ring you up so late. 2. I am sorry that I turned on the radio when you were working. 3. I am sorry that I have come so late. 4. I am sorry that I have broken your pencil.

9. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Gerund:

1. He improved his report by changing the end. 2. They objected to his remaining at home. 3. Instead of restoring the old theatre, they decided to build a new one in the centre of the town. 4. New possibilities for applying atomic energy open up. 5. It is possible to set up power stations based on utilizing the heat of the sun. 6. The idea of creating a multi-stage rocket belongs to Tsiolkovsky. 7. What apparatus do we use for measuring air pressure? 8. Science requires experimenting. 9. Speaking foreign languages is important for every cultured man.

LESSON 15: RAIL FREIGHT TRAFFIC

GERUND

1. Complete the sentences choosing the correct word given in the brackets:

1. Various types of trains are designed for (interesting, simple, particular) purposes.

2. A passenger train may consist of one or several (coaches, trucks, cars).

3. In many parts of the world, particularly Japan and Europe, high-speed rail is used extensively for (passenger, freight, animals) travel.

4. Some parcel and mail trains are outwardly more like (passenger, freight, high -speed) trains.

5. Special trains are also used for (track, locomotive, engine) maintenance of the way.

2. Answer the questions:

1. What special kinds of trains do you know?

2. What do freight trains comprise?

3. What is high-speed rail used for?

4. Are passenger trains used for track maintenance?

5. Are freight trains used for passenger travel or for carrying goods?

6. What trains carry passengers?

7. What types of cargo can freight trains carry?

8. Would you like to travel by high-speed trains?

3. Complete and translate the sentences:

1. Freight traffic is ……...

2. Our life is impossible …….

3. It is very important to organize …...

4. Logisticians deal with …...

5. While planning transportation of goods, logisticians must take into account ….

6. They deal with transportation of…...

7. Logisticians must provide ……

8. They must avoid …..

9. Freight mustn’t be delivered …..

10. Transportation is performed by …….

Tell about rail traffic.

GRAMMAR

GERUND