A. reference to what has been sais

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

you mentioned that…

you argued that…

you said that…

B. inviting to expand on the previous point

Could you specify what…

Would you say that again?

Your point is not quite clear yet.

C. making sure you understand

Did I understand you correctly that…?

If I understand you correctly, you are saying that …

So, what you are saying is …

3. Ask and answer questions for details. Use one of the following phrases:

a) asking a question:

ü I am sorry, but I don’t quite understand …

ü I am sorry, but I am not really clear about …

ü I am sorry, but could you possibly explain …

ü Do I understand you correctly that…

b) giving an explanation:

ü Well, what I am trying to say is …

ü Well, the point I am trying to make is that …

ü Well, I think what it’s meant is …

ü I have a very good reason to believe that…

Model: -TV is a unifying factor in a family.

- Would you mind explaining that? (Could you specify what you mean by ‘unifying factor’?)

1. The manner of dressing and speaking are important characteristics of an individual.

2. Any organization can’t work without employee competence and enthusiasm.

3. Women are more emotional, less practical, more irrational and more dependent on instincts than men.

4. An unhappy personal life and the lack of money affect the old more than the young.

5. More education opens more doors to successful careers.

6. Women are equal to men in all respects.

7. Space exploration is an objective search for knowledge.

4. Memorize the following expressions:

a) Use the following to comment on a question:

ü That’s a good question. Thanks for asking it.

ü I’m glad you’ve asked me this question.

ü It’s a difficult question. I can’t give a detailed answer to it now.

ü I understood you. The idea of … seems interesting to me.

ü Well, your argument sounds convincing but don’t you think that…

ü Your remark is quite relevant. Thank you for reminding me that..

ü Would you mind if we came back to your question later?

ü I’m not sure this question should be answered. It’s not quite relevant to the subject discussed.

ü I’m afraid you misunderstood me. I didn’t mean to say that …

b) Use the following to apologize for lack of exactness in answer:

ü I haven’t really considered the problem in this aspect, but I believe that …

ü Speaking off the cuff, I’d say that…

ü Roughly speaking, this problem might be regarded as …

ü In a way, this definition isn’t exact, but…

ü I’m afraid I am not prepared to give a detailed answer to this all at once. All I could say is …

ü I am afraid that this information is not available at the moment.

ü I am afraid I don’t have that information at hand.

c) Use the following if you need more time:

ü Let me see…

ü Just let me think about it …

ü You see…

ü You know …

Check your knowledge

Presentations Quiz

1. At the beginning of your presentation you can say, ''I'm going to __ about...''

a) do b) talk c) tell

2. You can also say, ''I'm going to give you some __ and figures.''

a) fact b) information c) numbers

3. When you go to the next part in your presentation, you can say: ''I'd now like to __ on to...''

a) move b) speak c) talk

4. When you talk about a graph (or other figure / diagram) you can say, ''This graph __ you...''

a) demonstrates b) indicates c) shows

5. If you want to show that one thing is directly linked to the next thing, you can say, ''This __ me to my next point''.

a) guides b) leads c) links

6. When you want to show that you have finished your presentation, you can say, ''That __ me to the end of my presentation.''

a) brings b) concludes c) summarizes

7. You can then say, ''Thank you for __''

a) attending b) listening c) taking part

8. If you want to invite people to ask you questions, you can say ''Please feel __ to ask questions.''

a) fine b) free c) happy

9. After you reply to a question, you can say ''Does this __ your question?''

a) answer b) reply c) satisfy

10. If you want to repeat, clarify or say something in a different way (perhaps because someone didn't understand you when you gave an answer) you can say, ''__ another way...''

a) in b) put c) spoken

APPENDIX A

Use the right language

Simplicity and Clarity

If you want your audience to understand your message, your language must be simple and clear.

Use short words and short sentences.

Do not use jargon, unless you are certain that your audience understands it.

In general, talk about concrete facts rather than abstract ideas.

Use active verbs instead of passive verbs. Active verbs are much easier to understand. They are much more powerful. Consider these two sentences, which say the same thing:

Toyota sold nine million vehicles last year.
Nine million vehicles were sold by Toyota last year.

Which is easier to understand? Which is more immediate? Which is more powerful? The first is active and the second is passive.

APPENDIX B

Useful vocabulary

The beginning of the introduction

Getting the audience's attention and signaling the beginning.	Right. Well. OK. Good. Great. Fine.	Let's begin. Can we start? Shall we start? Let's get the ball rolling. Let's get down to business OK. If we're all here, let's begin
Welcoming the audience	Hello Good morning Good afternoon Good evening	ladies and gentlemen members of the jury esteemed guests members of the board fellow colleagues dear friends everyone dear guests
	It’s a pleasure to welcome you today. It’s good to see you all here. Thank you all for coming.
Introducing yourself or someone	Let me introduce myself, I’m Mike Petrov from… I'd like to start by introducing myself. My name is... I am very pleased and proud to introduce...who is.... Now I'll turn the floor over to today's speaker, … (to take the floor,to have the floor, to give the floor to someone.)
Giving your position, function department	I am a student at the BMSTU... /I am a doctoral candidate…/ I am a researcher from...
Introducing your topic	The subject/ topic of my presentation is... In my presentation I would like to report on… The theme of my talk is... Today I'm going to talk about... What I’d like to present to you today is… I've been asked to give you an overview of...
Saying why your topic is relevant for your audience	I’ve chosen to speak about this because... Today’s topic is of particular interest to those of you/us who… My topic is/will be very important for you because… By the end of this talk you will be familiar with…
Stating your purpose	The purpose/objective/aim of this presentation is to… My objective is to… Today I’d like to give you an overview of… What I would like to do today is to explain…/ to illustrate.../to give you the essential background information on.../ to outline.../ to have a look at... What I want my listeners to get out of my speech is...
Structuring and sequencing	I’ve divided my presentation into three main parts. In my presentation I’ll focus on four major issues. First I’ll be looking at…, after that I’ll move on to…, next/then/after that…. And finally/ I’ll end with... I’ve broken my speech down/up into X parts. In the first part I’ll …/ In the next section I’ll…/ In part three, I am going to show.../ and in the last part I’d like to…
Timing	My presentation/talk will take/will last about… It will take about 15 minutes to cover these issues. I have limited my speech to…
Handouts	Does everyone have a handout? Please take one and pass them on. Don’t worry about taking notes. I’ve put all the key information on a handout for you. I’ll be handing out copies of the slides at the end of my presentation. I can email my presentation to anybody who wants it.
Questions and comments from the audience	I'd ask you to save your questions for the end. There will be time for your questions at the end of my talk. Feel free to ask questions at any time during my talk. You may interrupt me at any moment to ask questions or make comments. Please stop me if you don't understand anything I say but could you keep any specific questions until after I've finished.

Effective opening

Asking a question or recognizing the knowledge of the audience	Have you ever heard of...? You may already know... I feel sure that some of you... Every day you encounter... You've probably seen countless times... You may have wondered...
Problem to think about	Imagine you had to… What would be your first step?
Interesting fact	Did you know that…? I’d like to share an amazing fact/figure with you

The main body

Saying what is coming	Now let us turn to point one. In this part of my presentation, I’d like to talk about…
Indicating the end of a section	This brings me to the end of my first point. So much for point two. That’s all I wanted to say about…
Moving on to the next point	This leads us directly to my next point. This brings us to the next point/issue/problem. Let’s now move on to/ turn to… Let’s now take a look at…
Referring to what you have said previously	As I have already said/ mentioned/ explained earlier... As we saw in part one... To repeat what I've already said...
Giving an example	Now let's take an example. An example of this can be found... To illustrate this... Let's see this through an example. For example/ for instance /e.g.
Rephrasing	Let me rephrase that, In other words Another way of saying the same thing is… That is to say, for example...
Summarizing a point	Before I move on, I’d like to recap the main points. I’d like to summarize what I’ve said so far… To summarize…/ To sum up… Let me summarize by saying So that concludes my overview Briefly said…/ In short,… What I've tried to show in this part...
Emphasizing a point	What is very significant is... What is important to remember... I'd like to emphasize the fact that... I'd like to stress the importance of... To highlight.../To underline... What I tried to bring out... What we need to focus on...
Referring to what is coming	We will see this a little later on. This will be the subject of part 3. We will go into more detail on that later.
Referring to what an expert says:	I quote the words of... In the words of... According to... Here I'd like to quote... As Mr. Brown says in his book... There is a famous quotation that goes...
Referring to common knowledge	As you all may well know... It is generally accepted that... As you are probably aware (of)...

Conclusion

Indicating the end of your talk	I’m approaching/ nearing the end of my presentation. Well, this brings me to the end of my presentation. As a final point, I’d like to… Finally, I’d like to highlight one key issue.
Summarizing points	To conclude/sum up/ In conclusion, I’d like to… Let me go over the key issues again. I'd like to summarize/sum up the main points of my talk… At this stage I would like to run through/over the main points... So, as we have seen today.... In conclusion I would like to say that...
Making recommendations	As a result I suggest that... In the light of what we have discussed today I suggest that... My first proposal is... My final comments concern...
Inviting questions	Are there any questions? I'd be happy to answer any questions you may have If there are any questions please feel free to ask. Thank you very much for your attention and if there are any questions…