2020-10-10
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TASK 3. (a) Revise the following law-specific Grammar and Style Note related to the English auxiliary verb “shall”and analyze the examples given below:
Grammar & Style Note
In modern English legal documents (laws, statutes, court rulings, agreements, instructions, etc.) the verb shall is usually used for denoting legally-binding actions (recommended, forbidden, preventive,etc.).
The verb shall expresses strong modality and is to be rendered into Russian through present tense forms.
| 1. Packing shall secure full safety of the goods and protect them against any damages during transportation by all transport means. | 1. Упаковка обеспечивает полную сохранность товара и предохранить его от повреждения при транспортировке любыми видами транспорта. | |
| 2. The quality of the goods shall conform to the samples agreed upon and certified by the parties. | 2. Качество товара соответствует образцам, согласованным и подтвержденным обеими сторонами. |
(b) Complete the following sentences by translating the words and word combinations in brackets. Translate the sentences below into Russian, paying special attention to the words and word combinations in bold type.
(1) The goods sold under this Contract (должны соответствовать) the specifications enclosed herewith. (2) Any claim by the Buyer which is not submitted to the Seller within 3 (three) months from the date of delivery (считается) void and unvalid. (3) The proprietary right for the Goods and all risks of loss of or damage to the Goods (переходит) from the Seller as from the moment of crossing the tanker’s board by the Goods at the port of loading. (4) Fifteen days prior to the month of delivery the Seller (уведомляет) the Buyer of the quantity of the goods available that month in accordance with the provisions of the Contract. (5) The delivery of the equipment hereunder (начинается) within 30 (thirty) days of the effective date of the Contract and (завершается) within 5 (five) months from the date of signing the Contract. (6) The Seller (несет ответственность) for any damage or breakage of the Goods that may be caused by improper packing. (7) Tests of the equipment under this Contract (должны проводиться) at the expenseof the Seller at the Seller’s and his sub-contractors’ factories in the presense of the Buyer’s inspectors. (8) The Buyer’s inspector (должен выдать) [to issue] in due time to the Seller a Release Certificate for Shipment on the basis of the Test Certificate. (9) If the Buyer’s inspector cannot be present on the appointed date, the Seller (имеет право) to carry out the test without the Buyer’s inspector. (10) The Guarantee Period (устанавливается) 12 months from the date of signing the Final Acceptance Protocol but not exceeding 24 months from the date of the last delivery of the equipment. (11) The equipment (должно быть отправлено) in export seaworthy packing [упаковка, пригодная для морской перевозки] in accordance with the requirements of each type of equipment or material. (12) The cases intended for packing the equipment (должны быть помечены) on three sides: on the top of the case and on two opposite sides. (13) The marking (выполняется/должна быть выполнена) with indelible [несмываемый] paint in English and in Russian. (14) The Master [капитан корабля] (должен сообщить) [to cable] to the Sellers as well as to the shipowner’s agent at the port of loading [порт погрузки], the tanker’s ETA (estimated time of arrival [расчетное время прибытия судна]) 5 (five) days before the arrival stating the capacity [тоннаж], flag and draught of the vessel [осадка судна] as well as the quantity of clean and dirty ballast on board. (17) Three bottles sealed by the Seller (должны быть переданы) at the port of discharge [в порту разгрузки] by the Master of the tanker to the Buyer or his representative as advised by the Buyer. (18) The Guarantee amount of six per cent (выплачивается) within 30 days upon the Acceptance Protocol receipt by the Bank, the said Protocol confirming the acceptance of the plant for commercial operation. (19) Any claim of the Buyers which is not submitted within 2 months from the date of delivery (считается) null and void. (20) The Lender (обязан) notify the Borrower of the interest rate promptly after the Quotation Date. (21) The quality of cigarettes (должно быть подтверждено / подтверждается) by a quality certificate issued by the Seller or the factory manufacturer. (22) The date of arrival of the truck to the final consignee warehouse (считается) as the date of delivery. (23) Each package (должен быть обеспечен маркировкой) showing the point of destination, names of the Consignee and the Seller, case number, gross and net weight [вес брутто, вес нетто], case dimentions. (24) In the event that any provision or any part of any provision of this Agreement (является) void or unenforceable for any reason whatsoever, then such provision (считается) stricken and of no force and effect. However, unless such stricken provision goes to the essence of the consideration bargained for by a party, the remaining provisions of this agreement shall continue in full force and effect, and to the extent required, (должны быть) modified to preserve their validity.
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TASK 4. (a) Revise the following law-specific Grammar Note related to the English auxiliary verb “should” frequently used in formal English and analyze the examples given below:
Grammar Note
In modern English legal context, the most widely used pattern to express conditionality is the following one: Should the buyer fail to issue a letter-of-credit…- В случае, если покупатель не открывает аккредитив...; Should the L/C be issued unduly…- Если аккредитив не будет открыт своевременно; Should you have doubts on the issue …- В случае появления у Вас сомнений по данному вопросу...
This pattern is usually used when an action needs to be referred to the future.
| Should the buyer fail to issue a letter-of-credit (L/C) or should the L/C be issued unduly, the buyer is to pay the seller a penalty for each day of delay but not exceeding fifteen days, at the rate of 0.2 per cent of the L/C overall amount. | В случае, если покупатель не открывает аккредитив или открывает его несвоевременно, он должен выплатить продавцу штраф за каждый день просрочки в размере 0,2 % от общей стоимости аккредитива, при этом количество просроченных дней не может превышать пятнадцати дней. |
(b) Complete the following English sentences by translating the word combinations in brackets. Make use of “should” where necessary. Translate the sentences into Russian:
(1) (В случае, если) the delay in issuing the letter-of-credit exceed twenty days, the Seller has the right of refusing the goods delivery. (2) The plant assembly period lasts approximately six months starting from the contract effective date. The duration of testing, engineering setup, and commissioning takes up three months. (В случае, если) these stages, or either of them, prove to be insufficient, the Parties will consider the causes of any such delay and agree on an extension of the respective period(s). (3) (В случае, если) the buyer fail to issue a letter-of-credit in time, the seller is entitled to change the delivery date. (4) (В случае, если) the delay in issuing a Letter of Credit exceed ten days, the seller will be entitled to terminate the Contract. (5) (В случае, если) the goods within the guarantee period prove to be defective or not complying with the contractual terms and conditions, the seller shall eliminate defects or replace defective parts. (6) (В случае) there arise any circumstances preventing either party from fulfilling partially or completely their obligations under the contract, the timeframe for fulfilling these contractual obligation might be extended for the period equaling such circumstances duration. (7) (В случае, если) the letter-of-credit validity be prolonged, the present Contract validity shall be automatically prolonged as well.
TASK 5. (a) Revise the following Grammar Note and analyze the examples with the English verb “to be to” given below:
Grammar Note
In modern English we use to be to + infinitive for formal arrangements, appointments, instructions. This verbal form usually expresses actions that are scheduled or need to be implemented and in most cases its meaning resembles that of modal verbs.
| 1. Expenses associated with the Letter of Credit (L/C) opening and use are to be paid by the Buyer. | 1. Расходы, связанные с открытием и использованием аккредитива, должны быть оплачены Покупателем. | |
| 2. With each consignment the Seller is to forward via ship mail one copy of the Bill of Lading* and the Certificate of Quality issued at the port of loading. | 2. С каждой партией груза Продавец обязан направить с судовой почтой по одному экземпляру коносамента и сертификата качества, выданных в порту отгрузки. |
*Bill of Lading (B/L) - коносамент (документ, в котором приводится описание отгружаемых товаров, название судна, имена грузоотправителя и грузополучателя); транспортная накладная
| 3. The weight of goods to be shipped stated in the B/L is to be considered final and binding upon both parties. | 3. Вес подлежащих отправке товаров, указанный с коносаменте, считается окончательным и обязательным для обеих Сторон. |
(b) Complete the following sentences by translating the words and word combinations in brackets. Use the correct tense-form of the verb ‘to be (to)’. Translate the sentences below into Russian, paying special attention to the words and word combinations in bold type:
(1) The goods (должны быть) to be delivered within four months. (2) The Seller (должен) replace all defective parts. (3) The Seller (должен) send the replacements by the end of the next month. (4) The Seller shall issue a test certificate which (должен быть отправлен) to the Buyer’s representative office who will issue a Release Certificate for Shipment without delay. (5) Final tests and acceptance of the equipment for putting it into operation (должны проводиться) in Great Britain. (6) The Letter of Credit (должен быть открыт) not later than 10 days before the tanker’s arrival at the port of loading. (8) Payment (должна быть осуществлена) against presentation by the sellers to the bank of the following documents… (7) The prices are understood to be FOB-Manchester. The Seller (должны) bear all the expenses connected with the goods delivery on FOB terms. (8) The goods sold under the present Contract (должны быть поставлены) by the seller and accepted by the buyer. (9) All damage incurred by the seller in connection with undue opening of the letter-of-credit by the buyer, including damage caused by the tanker delay and payment for the dead freight [мертвый фрахт, платеж за зафрахтованное, но неиспользованное судно] (должен быть оплачен) by the buyer. (10) The goods (считаются поставленными) by the Seller and accepted by the Buyer in respect of quantity, as per weight indicated in the Bill of Lading. (11) Both parties (должны хранить) these samples for 3 (three) months commencing from the date of delivery and, in case of a claim, until such claim settlement. (12) The Buyer (должен обеспечить) timely acquisition of the import licence for the goods under contract. (13) All taxes, customs and other dues levied with regard to implementing the present Contract within the Russian Federation (должны быть оплачены Продавцом). (14) The quality of cigarettes to be delivered shall correspond to that of the samples approved and confirmed by both parties. The samples of cigarettes make the reference-sample. One reference-sample (должен храниться) with the seller, two other ones with the buyer within eight months after the last consignment delivery date. (15) During the hearing any relevant questions (должны быть заданы/put) to the witnesses and experts under the conditions laid down by the Court in the rules of procedure referred to in Article 30 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. (16) It is specified in the contract that the goods (должны были быть поставлены) at the end of the month. (17) The conference delegates (должны встретиться) again later today.
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TASK 6. (a)Study the following English-Russian pattern with the Passive Infinitive Construction which is frequently used in legal context:
| Payments for the goods sold under this contract shall be effected based on the irrevocable letter-of-credit to be opened by the buyer in favour of the seller with a first-class correspondent bank to the Bank for Foreign Trade of Russia, Moscow, for the full value of each goods consignment to be shipped plus/minus 15 (fifteen) per cent, L/C validity being 30 (thirty) days (granted deferred payment plus 5 days). | Платежи за товар(ы), реализованный(е) по настоящему контракту, производятся на основе безотзывного аккредитива, который открывает покупатель в пользу продавца в первоклассном банке-корреспонденте Внешэкономбанка России, Москва, на полную стоимость каждой партии товара, подлежащего поставке, плюс/минус 15 (пятнадцать) процентов; срок действия аккредитива составляет 30 (тридцать) дней (предоставленный отсроченный платеж плюс 5 дней). |
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(b) Study the following sales contract related vocabulary:
| with regard to a consignment of goods -в отношении партии товара to suspend the loading(of sth)-приостановить погрузку (чего-л.) to provide services / to render services – предоставлять / оказывать услуги as a lump sum – в виде однократного единовременного платежа royalties–аренда, арендная плата землевладельцу(например,за разработку недр) royalty сharging – взимание лицензионного(ых) платежа(ей) within the agreed-upon timeframe -в согласованные сроки |
(c) Complete the following sentences by translating the words and word combinations in brackets into English. Make use of the Passive Infinitive where necessary. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
(1) Neither claims made by the buyer with regard to a consignment of goods or to a part of the consignment shall entitle the buyer to suspend the unloading of the goods delivered or to reject the acceptance of this or any other consignments (которые будут поставлены согласно данному контракту). (2) (Подлежащее передаче оборудование) is listed inAppendix 2 hereto. (3) The quality of cigarettes (которые подлежат отгрузке) shall correspond to that of the samples approved and confirmed by both parties. (4) As regards penalties (которые подлежат выплате в виде однократного единовременного платежа), the penalty payment period starts from the date the right for claiming any such penalty arises. (5) The packing of the goods (которые должны быть поставлены согласно настоящему контракту) shall conform to the country’s national standards. (6) Charging royalties includes all amounts (которые должны быть выплачены компанией) pursant to Clause 4 hereof. (7) No claims made in respect of any consignment of goods can be used by the buyer as a justification for refusal to accept all other goods (которые должны быть поставлены согласно условиям настоящего контракта) and to pay for them. (8) The Company agrees to coordinate its employees and the authorized third parties in compliance with the project requirements in such a way that the services (которые должны быть предоставлены) are rendered with respect to both quality and (в согласованные сроки). (9) As regards penalties (которые подлежат выплате) for each day of delay, the penalty payment period starts from the date the obligation is fulfilled, or from the date the penalty reaches its maximum admissible value in case the obligation has not been fulfilled by this day. (10) The details of the services (которые должны быть предоставлены компанией согласно условиям настоящего соглашения) are listed in Attachment 1 hereto. (11) Shipment of goods prohibits inserting any extraneous objects or making any enclosures into packages (которые должны быть поставлены) which are not related to the contract. (12) The seller shall provide for the dispatch by the Master’s mail of four specifications and four copies of the Bill of Lading (которые должны быть вручены) to port of destination officials.
(d)Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined word combinations. Mind different functions of the Passive Infinitives:
(1) The payments to be made are attached as Appendix 1A. (2) The balance of the aggregate contract price is to be paid upon presentation by the Company of the prototype ACM. (3) It is necessary to adhere to international regulations for the products to be produced by the Company. (4) The Company has the right to manufacture gas detectors in certain circumstances under the license to be issued in accordance with Clauses 5 and 6. (5) The balance of the aggregate contract price is to be paid upon presentation by the company of the prototype. (6) The Company approves of all of the documents referred to in this Agreement to which the Company is to be a party. (7) The equipment to be transferred is listed in Appendix 6 to this Agreement. (8) The form of such an application to be approved by the parties shall be submitted in the name of the Company. (9) This application is to be in a form approved by both parties. (10) The process of covering the platinum wire, which is to be used in the manufacture is in the public domain. (11) The weight of goods to be shipped stated in the bill-of-lading (коносамент) is to be considered final and binding upon both parties. (12) If either party commits a breach of any of the material obligations to be performed or observed hereunder the other party has the right to terminate the Agreement.
